In today's Washington Post there is mostly sensible column by Zbigniew Brzezinski (he engages in some unnecessary Russia-bashing, although I am no fan of Putin's recent anti-democratic conduct). In it he argues that as it did with North Korea, China may well be able to serve as a negotiating conduit between the US and Iran. He reports, after visiting China, that they accept the Iranian claims that they are not currently actively pursuing nuclear weapons, and that a reasonable and mutually face-saving agreement is possible, assuming that the the US does not push too hard to an unavoidable military option by insisting on sanctions against Iran that will not work and will only push the Iranians towards building nuclear weapons, rather like the stupid Bush policies against North Korea led to that outcome, with more recent reasonable policies having been brokered significantly by China.
It is worth remembering how badly Bush screwed up with North Korea. Clinton made a deal with the North Koreans that they would shut down plutonium production, which they did, although we were not fulfilling our side of the deal fully. North Korea continued to enrich uranium, as Iran is doing, not explicitly part of the deal, although the Bush people declared it a violation when it was revealed, even though now it is recognized it was not at a level to lead to nuclear weapons. Two months into Bush's first term, South Korean President Kim Dae Jung visited the White House, and after being assured by Colin Powell the administration would continue to follow the Clinton policy, was suddenly rebuffed and humiliated when Bush changed his mind under the influence of Cheney and Rumsfeld, who argued that a tough policy would bring the collapse of the North Korean regime. Instead, the South Koreans now hate our guts, and the North Koreans withdrew from the NPT, restarted their plutonium production, and built and tested fission bombs, all without their regime collapsing. After much effort, especially with the help of the Chinese, we are now back to something like what Clinton had achieved, except that now the North Koreans have nuclear weapons.
Friday, November 30, 2007
Iran and North Korea: The Role of China?
Handicapping Profits
In The Confiscation of American Prosperity, I looked at the correlation of poor corporate profitability with CEO's low golf handicaps, as well as the use of corporate jets, and membership in far off country clubs.
Later, I learnt of the relationship between CEO's oversize mansions and negative corporate performance.
Liu, Crocker and David Yermack. 2007. "Where Are The Shareholders' Mansions? Ceos' Home Purchases, Stock Sales, and Subsequent Company Performance."
http://ssrn.com/abstract=970413
Now I see that Business Week has found a similar relationship (though not statistically analyzed between gold handicaps and subprime mortgage losses.
"... we started with Golf Digest's inaugural ranking of the top 150 golfers in finance (October 2007). We then averaged the handicap indices of the best three at each firm. At the head of the list is Bear Stearns. The company and its CEO, James Cayne, have been in the news as two of their hedge funds melted down in the subprime mortgage crisis."
At the time of the subprime meltdown, with banks bleeding money, Here is the Handicap index for the top firms: Bear Stearns, 0.3; Morgan Stanley, 1.3; Lehman Brothers, 1.5; Merrill Lynch, 1.9.
Foust, Dean. 2007. "Wall Street's Leader Board." Business Week (12 November): p. 102.
Thursday, November 29, 2007
Oil Divides Iraq Even More
Hopefully I am back, folks.
So, the de facto independence of the Kurdistan Regional Government within Iraq seems to have proceeded considerably further recently, with Ben Lando at http://iraqoilreport.com providing lots of juicy details. These include: 1) The Iraqis are charging that the Kurds have used their military to block Iraqi production in the large Kirkuk oil field, under dispute between the two. 2) Iraqi Oil Minister al-Shahristani has not only declared illegal the 18 or so contracts the KRG has signed with various international oil companies (most of them small and odd minors, except for Hunt Oil of Dallas, Texas, with its deep Bush links), he has now declared these contracts "null and void." The KRG and the companies seem to be ignoring this declaration and proceeding forthwith. 3) Meanwhile, in the absence of a new national oil law for Iraq, the central government is now signing deals under the Saddam-era law, with the de facto approval of the Bush administration. This has led Russia's giant Lukoil to demand rights to proceed to develop the largest oil field in Iraq under an old existing contract from the Saddam era. 4) Two leading KRG oil figures, including their regional oil minister, Ashti Abdullah Hawrami, are making an informal visit to the US, meeting with various influential, but non-governmental figures in Washington and also oil company executives in Houston. 5) The KRG predicts that oil production in Iraqi Kurdistan will be at 1 million barrels per day, equal to about half of overall Iraqi oil production, which has recently been rising somewhat, although still below that of the Saddam era. 6) Saudi production is up about 250,000 barrels per day (this from Econbrowser), which along with Iraqi increases may bode some easing of price pressure in the oil markets.
In any case, it now looks like Iraqi Kurdistan is de facto independent in the most crucial of economic matters from the central government of Iraq. What is partly allowing them to get away with this is that their political parties are part of the ruling coalition, now under severe pressure. So, Iraqi PM al-Maliki is not going to do anything about their oil deals, despite all the declarations of his oil minister.
Wednesday, November 28, 2007
The Perverse Imbalances between Town and Country
I am writing this paper for a seminar I will give at Yale. Any comments would be appreciated. It still needs work.
Click on text below to read:
The Perverse Imbalances between Town and Country
State and Local Tax Burdens in Three States
Kevin Drum is not happy with California’s spend and borrow governor. An interesting set of comments followed with one person saying we Californians have a high state and local burden. Given the recent spat between Huckabee (former Arkansas governor) and Romney (former Massachusetts governor), maybe a little data is in order.
Courtesy of the Tax Foundation handy information, we have plotted their measure of the tax burden for each state for the period since 1996. It does seem that the tax burden did rise in the latter part of Governor Huckabee’s Administration, but it is not as high as California’s. And the Tax Foundation is not counting the deferred taxes created by the spend and borrow but never tax attitude of Governor Schwarzenegger.
Uh Oh
This is serious:
The blue stuff is private sector financing of the US current account deficit; the red stuff is life support from foreign central banks and SIV’s (sovereign investment funds). Brad Setser points out, as he has from the beginning of his blog, that official flows (red) are greatly underestimated; by arithmetic logic they have to make up the difference between private flows and the current account.
But the point is clear: if the US were any other country (i.e. too big to fail), we would be in the grips of an economic crisis at this very moment. Foreign exchange would freeze up, essential goods would be unavailable, mass layoffs would ripple across the land, while the dollar would sink like a stone. This would be Mexico 1994, Argentina 2001.
But it’s not, at least not right now. By the grace of central bankers and oil fund managers we in the US get to sip our latte (or in my case Darjeeling) and muse on this question in tranquility. But the dollar keeps going down, and the governments that prop us up are taking really big losses. The talk now is of Wiley E. Coyote and Hyman Minsky.
OK, this is scary, but those of us who have followed the situation have been scared for years, and yet the crisis still hasn’t come. Maybe this is another false alarm. We have been in bailout mode for a long, long time.
Still, the risk of a rupture is real. My advice: progressive people need to start thinking systematically about the political environment we are likely to find ourselves in if all hell breaks loose. What narratives, based in reality or fantasy, will make sense of this catastrophe for the general public? Who will step forward to manage the crisis? How can we minimize the risk of an authoritarian surge?
And you think you’re paranoid?
Tuesday, November 27, 2007
Sowell: Everyone’s Rich – But Just for a Day
Now Greg Mankiw endorses silliness from Thomas Sowell. Now I’m willing to concede that some of the observed variability in current income is from transitional income, which implies that the variability of permanent income is a bit less. Sowell goes further by arguing that most of the variability in current income comes from transitional income. Let’s take a look at his impressive analytical skills that combines anecdotes and cherry picked statistics.Virtually anyone who owns a home in San Francisco, no matter how modest that person's income may be, can join the top one percent instantly just by selling their house.
Really? The selling price must be the same thing as my investment income for that year? Let’s say I purchased a house in 2005 for $3 million that was financed by $2.7 million in debt where I paid interest only. If I sold this house today, I’d be lucky to cover the mortgage. Sure – some folks recently made good income by selling their houses, but something tells me that this does not fully explain the observed variability of income. Sowell continues:This may help explain such things as hundreds of thousands of people with incomes below $20,000 a year living in homes that cost $300,000 and up. Many low-income people also have swimming pools or other luxuries that they could not afford if their incomes were permanently at their current level.
Gee – the Irvine Housing Blog has another explanation for this one. Finally, let’s check this out:Most Americans in the top fifth, the bottom fifth, or any of the fifths in between, do not stay there for a whole decade, much less for life. And most certainly do not remain permanently in the top one percent or the top one-hundredth of one percent.
Falling out of the top one-hundredth of one percent for household income basically means I went from being number 9999 to number 10,001. Such a person is not exactly on the street.
Addendum: As I returned to correct one typo, I also have wonder what Sowell really means when he says most Americans do not remain permanently in the top one percent. Could it be that most Americans never get to be in the top one percent in the first place?
Monday, November 26, 2007
A note from a careful observer of US financial conditions
569: "I fancy that the great New York (banking) institutions have more skeletons in their cupboards than anyone yet knows about for certain, and that their concealed anxieties cramp their action more than is admitted."
Keynes. 1930. "A Note on Economic Conditions in the United States: A Memorandum for the Economic Advisory Council." CW 20, pp. 561-94.
Saturday, November 24, 2007
Dollar Devaluation and Next Exports on Black Friday
Jenn Abelson reports on all the Europeans shopping at Wrentham Village Premium Outlets:Kinsella is one of a record 1,000 international tourists who scheduled organized shopping trips yesterday to Wrentham Village Premium Outlets - more than double the number last year. Hundreds more were expected to come on their own, according to Beth Winbourne, the outlet's general manager ... But now American wares are even more of a bargain as the slowing US economy has weakened the dollar. Further, as the Federal Reserve has cut interest rates to boost the economy, the dollar has lost even more value, and global investors have realized they won't earn as much when they park their cash in greenbacks. As a result, the euro has shot up by 33 percent compared with the dollar since 2002, so Europeans who exchange 1,000 euros now get close to 1,500 US dollars. And the Canadian dollar is worth as much as the US dollar for the first time in three decades.
But some are worried that the boost in sales will not be that great, while others have turned to advertising:The Retailers Association of Massachusetts, for instance, predicts a mere 2.2 percent increase in holiday retail sales this year over the same period last year, about half the sales growth forecast by the National Retail Federation. And the federation's prediction of a 4 percent increase in sales to $475 billion would make this holiday the slowest for sales growth since 2002, when sales rose 1.3 percent. "The holiday sales season of 2007 will create competitive and profitability challenges for local retailers," said Jon B. Hurst, president of the state retail group. "There's no question that European and Canadian shoppers have been key targets of late." In fact, officials at Simon Property Group and General Growth Properties, two of the country's largest mall operators, said they have increased international advertising to promote shopping excursions for foreign travelers. And the weak dollar, coupled with promotions, seems to be working.
Friday, November 23, 2007
Whiskey is for drinking; water is for fighting
Brenda Rosser, in her comment today, brought up the importance of water, prompting this posting.
Mark Twain was ahead of this time in writing “Whiskey is for drinking …”, but in Californian open warfare for water seemed to be immanent. The threat of water war is far more pressing today.
Below is a frank statement from Ariel Sharon about the importance of control of water for Israel. Maybe some of you can find a map I once saw on the web that showed how much of the water supply in the region is found in the West Bank. Gaza seems to have less water, so is expendable.
Sharon, Ariel with David Chanoff. 1989. Warrior: The Autobiography of Ariel Sharon (NY: Simon and Schuster).
166: “While the border disputes between Syria and ourselves were of great significance, the matter of water diversion was a stark issue of life and death. A dry country with a critical water shortage, Israel enjoys only a brief winter of rainy weather. Other than that, the three principal sources of water are the Jordan River, various brooks and streams alone the coastal plain, and large aquifer that runs under the coastal plain and extends into Samaria and Judiah. Before 1967 a third of the entire water supply came from Jordan.”
167: “People generally regard June 5, 1967, as the day the Six-Day War began. That is the official date. But, in reality, the Six Day War started two and a half years earlier, on the day Israel decided to act against the diversion of the Jordan. From then on the Syrian border was tense.
What follows is another article that generalizes the water problem , but also refers back to Israel.Postel, Sandra L. 2006. “For Our Thirsty World, Efficiency or Else; review of Fred Pearce. When the Rivers Run Dry: Water — The Defining Crisis of the Twenty-First Century (Boston: Beacon Press).” Science, 313 (25 August): pp. 1046-7.
1046: “Irrigation accounts for the lion’s share of the world’s water consumption, 70 percent globally and 90 percent in many Asian countries, where nature doles out long dry seasons. One-fifth of China’s wheat and one-seventh of its corn are produced, in good years, in the coastal province of Shandong, which is last in line to receive the flow of the Yellow River. Farmers have already abandoned millions of acres of cropland in the water-stressed Yellow River basin, and in the summer of 2000 a mini-water war broke out in Shandong as thousands of farmers tried to siphon water slated for cities from a reservoir.”
1046: “As major rivers dwindle to a trickle, farmers and cities alike pump more water from underground. Globally as much as one-tenth of the world’s food may be produced with water drawn from declining aquifers. In India, at least a quarter of the farmers are overtapping aquifers, withdrawing water faster than those underground sources are recharging, and setting the stage for a “colossal anarchy” as more wells and fields are abandoned.”
1046: “Today each Palestinian in the occupied West Bank uses less than a quarter as much water as a neighboring Israeli. Palestinian families around Nablus spend between 20 and 40 percent of their incomes to buy water, while Israeli settlers enjoy green lawns and swimming pools. Pearce calls the 1967 Six Day War “the first modern water war.”
1046: “Before that war, less than a tenth of the Jordan River watershed was within Israel’s borders; by the war’s end, Israel controlled the vast majority of it, including Syria’s Golan Heights and key aquifers under the West Bank.”
Rational Expectations and the Housing Bubble
"More than 70% of U.S. consumers believe a national housing bubble will burst and home prices will collapse within the next year, although 56% believe it's unlikely to happen in the area where they live, according a new survey."
Morrissey, Janet. 2006. "Consumers Expect Housing Bubble to Burst." Wall Street Journal (20 April): p. D 3.
Wednesday, November 21, 2007
The Fiscal Policy Debate Circa 1996 and Today’s Gotcha Questions
Paul Krugman laments the current political discourse:
Faced with a major public issue, such as the future of Social Security, one might think that the crucial thing would be to ascertain the facts. If I say “there is no crisis,” and you think there is, well, produce the evidence that shows that my arithmetic is wrong - not something I once said that you think proves that I’ve changed my mind. Making this a game of gotcha is just childish. But here’s the thing: this childishness infects a lot of political discourse.
As I say AMEN, let me also back up from the food fight that Brad DeLong noted in the comments as well as extend on something I started to say about something Paul wrote back in October 1996. Fairness dictates we take the time machine back to October 1996.
Yes – our graph shows total Federal debt (TFD) and the debt held by the public (DHP) both as percentages of GDP from October 1980 to October 1996. What we knew in the fall of 1996 is that we had gone through 16 years of General Fund deficits that we so large that TFD grew as a percent of GDP from around 33% to around 67%. It is true that the growth in the DHP to GDP ratio has stopped after the 1993 tax increase – the one every Republican voted against. But that only says that the Trust Fund surpluses were mostly offsetting (not completely in absolute terms even after adjusting for inflation) the General Fund deficits.
At first, I was pleased that the GOP nominee to challenge President Clinton was Senator Robert Dole as Dole had historically been a fiscal hawk. Could it be that the 1996 Presidential race would avoid the free lunch crap we had heard from the tax-and-borrow Republicans and the do-more-for-you Democrats (yes the latter is a slap at how Al Gore campaigned in 2000). But then Dole picked Jack Kemp as his running mate and promised tax cuts. It was then that I decided I could not cross party lines and vote for the free lunch party.
With this back drop, could we take a real look at what Paul said on October 2, 1996:
In this silly season politicians are once again promising that we can have it all - that we can cut taxes, spare every popular spending program from even the smallest cut and still balance the budget. Nobody really believes them; if the public is willing to indulge such fantasies, it is because it does not, when all is said and done, really take the budget deficit seriously.
That captured my concern with the Dole-Kemp tax proposal. It is also consistent with what Paul was saying in 2000 about both Bush’s tax cut with promises of more spending as well as my concern with Gore’s do-more-for-you and a tax cut too. Something had changed between 1996 and 2000 – it seems that inflation-adjusted total Federal debt had flat lined during Clinton’s second term so the debt to GDP ratio had started to fall. But Paul argued in 2000 that the bit of goods news was not enough for tax cuts and more spending. He was right.
So why does everyone think he changed his mind about Social Security. They often point to this:
Where is the crisis? Just over the horizon, that's where. Through a kind of sound-bite numerology, the political debate over deficits became fixated last year on the seven-year prospect; each party insists that its economic program will balance the budget in the year 2002. Neither will, but that is beside the point. Responsible adults are supposed to plan more than seven years ahead. Yet if you think even briefly about what the Federal budget will look like in 20 years, you immediately realize that we are drifting inexorably toward crisis; if you think 30 years ahead, you wonder whether the Republic can be saved.
OK back in 1996, we may have thought that the Trust Fund reserves would eventually be depleted by some year such as 2032. The only real significance of this expected depletion date is that this is the date that DHP equals TFD. And Paul’s point was that if we kept running huge Federal deficits, that the debt to GDP ratio (however measured) might be much higher than 67%. Guess what, TFD is currently near 67% despite the good years in the late 1990’s. But that’s because of Bush43’s fiscal fiasco that Paul was warning about over seven years ago. OK, the date of Trust Fund depletion has now been pushed back to 2046. This is the big inconsistency that folks are hammering Paul about? I’m sorry, but the hammering is both stupid and childish at the same time – with all due respect to my kids who are much smarter than this.
Why recession is a good thing (not!)
The following article by Paul B. Farrell of MarketWatch is one of many these days that applies what I call “19th century thinking” to the current cusp (and possible recession). My comments in brackets
17 reasons America needs a recession
Think positive, this 'slow motion train wreck' is good for the U.S.
By Paul B. Farrell, MarketWatch
Last Update: 6:53 PM ET Nov 19, 2007
ARROYO GRANDE, Calif. (MarketWatch) -- Yes, America needs a recession. Bernanke and Paulson won't admit it. And investors hate them. We're all trapped in outdated 1990s wishful thinking about a "new economy" and "perpetual growth." But the truth is, not only is a recession coming, America needs a recession. So think positive: Let's focus on 17 benefits from this recession.
To begin with, recession may be an understatement. Jeremy Grantham's GMO firm manages $150 billion. In his midyear report before the credit crisis hit he predicted: "In 5 years I expect that at least one major 'bank' (broadly defined) will have failed and that up to half the hedge funds and a substantial percentage of the private-equity firms in existence today will have simply ceased to exist."
He was "watching a very slow motion train wreck." By October, it was accelerating: "Train hits end of track at full speed."
Also back in August, The Economist took a hard look at the then emerging subprime/credit crisis: "The policy dilemma facing the Fed may not be a choice of recession or no recession. It may be between a mild recession now, and a nastier one later."
However, the publication did admit that "even if a recession were in America's long-term economic interest, it would be political suicide" for Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke and Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson to suggest it.
Then The Economist posed the big question: Yes, "central banks must stop recessions from turning into deep depressions. But it may be wrong to prevent them altogether."
Wrong to prevent a recession? Why? Because recessions are a natural and necessary part of the business cycle. Remember legendary economist Joseph Schumpeter, champion of innovation and entrepreneurship?
Economists love Schumpeter's "creative destruction:" Obsolete firms get destroyed and capital released, making way for new technologies, new businesses, like Google. And yet, nobody's willing to apply Schumpeter's theory to the entire economy ... and admit recessions are a natural part of the business cycle.
Instead, everyone persists in the childlike fairy tale that "all growth is good" and "all recessions are bad," a bad hangover of the '90s "new economy" ideology. So for the folks at the Fed, Treasury and Wall Street, "eternal growth" is still America's mantra.
Unfortunately, the American investors' brain has also developed this blind obsession with "growth-at-all-costs," coupled with a deadly fear of all recessions, as if recessions are a lethal super-bug more powerful than Iran with a bomb.
Our values are distorted: It's OK to be greedy and overshoot the market on the upside -- grab too many assets, take on too much debt, make consumer spending a religion, live beyond our means, ignite hyperinflation along the way. Growth is good, even in excess.
[!!??!! -- hyperinflation is not currently in the cards. It also seems unlikely, unless the US government falls apart. As I’ve argued elsewhere, hyperinflation is a symptom a state’s collapse.]
And yet, recessions are a no-no that drives politicians, economists and investors ballistic.
Well, folks, you can block all this from your mind, you can argue that recessions are not a part of Schumpeter's thinking, that they are inconsistent with your political ideology. But the fact is, we let the housing/credit boom become a massive bubble, it popped and a recession is coming. So think positive, consider some of the benefits of a recession:
1. Purge the excesses of the housing boom
No, it's not heartless. Not like wartime calculations of "acceptable collateral damage." Yes, The Economist admits "the economic and social costs of recession are painful: unemployment, lower wages and profits, and bankruptcy." But we can't reverse Greenspan's excessive rate cuts that created the housing/credit crisis. It'll be painful for everyone, especially millions of unlucky, mislead homeowners who must bear the brunt of Wall Street's greed and Washington's policy failures.
[This author should quote Andrew Mellon, Treasury secretary during the 1920s: "liquidate labor, liquidate stocks, liquidate the farmers, liquidate real estate." His whole idea is that a recession would purge the imbalances from the US economy -- i.e., those factors that are screwing up financial and real-world markets. This is a very 19th century way of looking at things. For example, Marx saw the bankruptcy of thousands and the destruction of a lot of capital as the result of a recession ("crisis") and also as allowing a new recovery. The “Austrian school” of economics (von Hayek, von Mises, Rothbard, etc., but not Schumpeter, despite his ethnicity) also believe in this binge-purge theory of the business cycle: the recession (purge) is the punishment for having an excessive boom (binge), while the purge allows recovery.
Of course, neither Mellon nor Marx nor the Austrians anticipated that a cyclical recession could cause the US economy to jump the rails, going from a normal business cycle to a serious depression, as during the 1930s. Okay, Marx had some ideas along these lines. In some Marxian interpretations, in fact, a serious recession would encourage revolution.
The Austrian school, on the other hand, who Farrell channels via Schumpeter, have no idea about the economy’s potential to spin off into depression. Their concern is instead with a business cycle where (somehow) full employment is maintained.]
2. U.S. dollar wake-up call
Reverse the dollar's free fall and revive our [i.e., US capitalist] global credibility. Warnings from China, France, Iran, Venezuela and supermodel Gisele haven't fazed Washington. Recession will.
[I don't see why a recession would do this. If the US recession "goes global," it won't just be US imports that fall, helping the US$. It will also be foreign exports (US imports) that fall, which would hurt the value of the US$.
By the way, any effort to prop up the dollar, i.e., to prevent or slow its further fall, would involve raising U.S. interest rates relative to those in Europe, Japan, the U.K., etc. This encourages recession in the U.S., all else equal.
This kind of contractionary monetary policy in the face of recession was one factor that helped make the Depression so Great. Of course, the U.S. and world economies were already ready to fall, but that’s another story…]
3. Write-offs
Expose Wall Street's shadow-banking system. They're playing with $300 trillion in derivatives and still hiding over $100 billion of toxic off-balance sheet asset-backed securities, plus another $300 billion hidden worldwide. A lack of transparency is killing our international credibility. Write it all off, now!
[again, purge, purge! Let's be the capitalist Stalin, purging them all!
I don't see how this is the result of a recession, however. What’s needed instead is serious financial regulation -- imposed by the government, not by a recession.]
4. Budgeting
Force fiscal restraint back into government. America [by which he means the government sector] has been living way beyond its means for years: A recession will cut back revenues at all levels of government and cutbacks will encourage balanced budgeting.
[This is the "starve the beast" theory in a new form. It doesn't force fiscal conservatism, however. In fact, a recession would make the governments' deficit that much larger. It could cause a bunch of state and local governments to go broke, as in the 1930s. Given the current balance of political power, it likely would cause a much greater cut-back in public services than we've already suffered. Rich people like Farrell won't suffer, but most others will.]
5. Overconfidence
A recession will wake up short-term investors playing the market. In bull markets traders ride the rising tide, gaining false confidence that they're financial geniuses. Downturns bruise egos but encourage rational long-term strategies.
[A recession could also cause a 1930s-type funk to dominate the financial mind-set. That may encourage rational long-term strategies. But even more important is having serious and intelligent financial regulation of the sort that kept the US financial system "sane" during the 1950s and 1960s. How about the idea of bringing back sanity-making regulations without having a recession? Perhaps that’s too easy for Farrell.
Also, note that a recession could impose such a deep funk that it could cause an even more serious credit shortage than seen recently. This could deepen the recession further, rather than forcing “investors” to clean up their collective act.]
6. Ratings
Rating agencies have massive conflicts of interest; they aren't doing their job. They're supposed to represent the investors [i.e., stock-holders, bond-holders, speculators, etc.], but favor Corporate America, which pays for the reports. Shake them up.
[but at what cost? why not use financial regulation instead?]
7. China
Trigger an internal recession in China. Make it realize America's not going into debt forever to finance China's domestic growth and military war machine. A recession will also slow recycling their reserves through sovereign funds to our equities.
[A Chinese recession would mean a big fall in US exports. The US doesn't just import from China, you know.
It’s quite possible for there to be an international multiplier effect: a US recession depresses China, which in turn depresses the US, which in turn depresses China, etc. With the Chinese currency fixed to the dollar, this is quite possible, since exchange-rate changes can moderate the international multiplier effect.]
8. Oil
Force the energy and auto industries to get serious about emission standards and reducing oil dependency.
[I don't get this one at all: it's government regulation and/or high oil prices which encourage reducing oil dependency. It's government regulation which forces better emission standards. A recession could simply drive a lot of companies up against the wall, making them even more resistant to the necessary regulations.
One thing that a recession could do is to cause oil prices to fall drastically. That sounds good, but it could undermine any “market forces” encouraging companies and individuals to economize on oil. And then oil prices could rise again when the recession ends.]
9. Inflation
Expose the "core inflation" farce Washington uses to sugarcoat reality.
[This is total crap. He's saying that "Washington" under-measures inflation, using the core inflation rate (which leaves out energy & food inflation). But it's only fools like Farrell who read it this way.
Instead, the core inflation rate is an effort to get a handle on what part of inflation is persistent rather than being a flash in the pan. (Energy and food prices often go up, but then end up falling soon thereafter.)
Farrell may be right that inflation is under-measured (given the Boskin commission changes in the measurement of the CPI), but a recession wouldn't expose anything about that. This stuff about core inflation is just Farrell's hobby horse.]
10. Moral hazard
Slow the Fed from cutting interest rates to bail out speculators.
[This guy doesn't really understand the world: a recession would create -- nay, intensify --political pressure pushing the Fed to cut rates. Having the Fed not bail out speculators is instead necessary to causing a recession. He's got the causation backward.]
11. War costs
Force Washington to get honest about how it's going to pay for our wars, other than supplemental bills that are worse than Enron-style debt financing.
[This doesn't work at all. Since when does a recession cause honesty? Financial panics do expose lies, but desperation often encourages more crime. When the savings & loans were collapsing, it encouraged some people -- such as Charles Keating -- to figure out how to fleece people as a way to save their S&L's bacon.]
12. CEO pay
Further expose CEO compensation that's now about five hundred times the salaries of workers, compared with about 40 times a generation ago.
[see comment under #11.]
13. Privatization
Stop the privatization of our federal government to no-bid contractors and high-priced mercenary armies fighting our wars.
[Why wouldn't a recession -- which cuts tax revenues -- be used as an excuse for further privatizations?]
14. Entitlements
Force Congress to get serious about the coming Social Security/Medicare disaster. With boomers now retiring, this problem can only get worse: A recession now could avoid a depression later.
[Like most jerks and Beltway insiders (I'm sorry to repeat myself), Farrell mixes Social Security with Medicare, falsely equating their problems. As serious students of the issues know, Social Security is not a big problem at all.
On the other hand, Medicare is a serious problem. This is not due to the demographic issues as much as the medical-care inflation that's hitting the private sector. It's true that a recession would slow medical-care inflation, but it would also encourage firms to dump what's left of their employees' health insurance.]
15. Consumers
Yes, we're all living way beyond our means, piling up excessive credit-card debt, encouraged by government leaders who tell us "deficits don't matter." Recessions will pressure individuals to reduce spending and increase savings.
[The problem, of course, is that a recession means a fall in consumer incomes, which makes saving more difficult. To the extent that people do save more, the extra decline in consumer spending encourages recession. The exception is where fixed investment (or exports or government purchases) rises to take consumer spending’s place in providing demand and keeps from the economy from falling. But falling consumer spending, all else equal, causes fixed investment to fall.]
16. Regulation
Lobbyists have replaced regulation. Extreme theories of unrestrained free trade plus zero regulation just don't work; proven by our credit crisis, hedge funds' nondisclosures, private-equity taxation, rating agencies failures, junk home mortgages, and more. Get real, folks.
[Maybe Farrell is thinking that a recession would stimulate a mass movement or three, as during the 1930s. This might force the government to bring back New Deal-style reforms that make capitalism work in a saner way than it does these days. Interesting theory: it goes back to the ultra-left "the worse, the better" theory, in which recessions encourage political reform or even revolution.]
17. Sacrifice
"We have not seen a nationwide decline in housing like this since the Great Depression, says Wells Fargo CEO John Stumpf. As individuals and as a nation Americans have always performed best in crises, like the Depression or WWII, times when we're all asked to make sacrifices. Pampering us with interest-rate cuts and tax cuts during the Iraq and Afghan wars may have stimulated the economy temporarily, but they delayed the real damage of the '90s stock bubble while setting the stage for this new subprime/credit crisis.
Wake up, the train wrecked. Time to think positive, find solutions, demand sacrifices.
[are rich folks like Farrell going to make sacrifices too?
More importantly, there's a strange contrast within Farrell's diatribe. On the one hand, it's like a rant by Travis Bickle, the psycho cabbie in the movie Taxi Driver: "Someday a real rain [recession] will come and wash all the scum off the streets." His hope is that it will all work out for the best for the people (or that is what he implies).
On the other hand, his goal involves nothing but sacrifice by the many. It's one big Austerity Plan. As a result of recession, there will be a mass movement to impose reform and sacrifice.
I hate to use the “f word,” but a mass movement imposing austerity sounds a lot like it.]
Jim Devine
Strip and Flip or Strip and Slip
The business press suggests potential internecine warfare between private equity and bond holders. For example:
Thornton, Emily. 2007. "Perform or Perish." Business Week (5 November): pp. 38-45.
Box p. 43: "50% of the U.S. companies that defaulted on their debt this year, half were owned by private equity companies."
And then:
Cimilluca, Dana. 2007. "Buyout Firms: Refined Rulers?" Wall Street Journal (20 November): p. C 3.
"Bondholders, after all, are natural enemies of private-equity firms, because the value of a company's bonds tends to plunge when a private-equity firm wants to buy it."
Social Security: Ruth Marcus v. Paul Krugman
The Washington Post hits a new low:
In liberal Democratic circles, the debate over Social Security has taken a dangerous "don't worry, be happy" turn. The argument has two equally dishonest components. The first is to deny that Social Security faces a daunting financing problem - one that will be much easier to fix (and less onerous for the low-income retirees that the head-in-the-sanders purport to care about) sooner rather than later. The second is to mischaracterize the arguments of those who advocate responsible action, accusing them of hyping the system's woes. One prominent practitioner of this misguided approach is New York Times columnist Paul Krugman. "Inside the Beltway, doomsaying about Social Security -- declaring that the program as we know it can't survive the onslaught of retiring baby boomers -- is regarded as a sort of badge of seriousness, a way of showing how statesmanlike and tough-minded you are," Krugman wrote last week. "In fact, the whole Beltway obsession with the fiscal burden of an aging population is misguided." Somebody should introduce Paul Krugman to . . . Paul Krugman.
So much to say. So little time.
I could say the Social Security does not face a daunting problem and the very long-run shortfall can be readily fixed, but Brad DeLong has already said that:
Is America's Social Security system now in a long-run funding crisis? The answer to this question is "no." It's more likely than not that Social Security revenues will have to be raised a bit or benefits cut a bit relative to current law or both in the next fifty years, and almost certain that one or the other or both will have to be done in the next century. But it is a long-run problem, not a crisis. And it is - relative to the scale of other things that have gone wrong--not a large long-run problem.
Brad discussion of the real fiscal crisis continues, but I want to get to this oft heard nation that Krugman is being dishonest so let me turn the microphone over to Mark Thoma who has links to some very good discussions from various smart folks including Paul:
Ruth Marcus uses quotes from Paul Krugman dated 2001 or earlier to try to show he has been inconsistent on the Social Security financing issue. The subtext is, or course, that he is being dishonest. But had Ruth Marcus included this quote from Paul Krugman's 2005 piece in her editorial (or quotes from other pieces of the vast amount Krugman has written about Social Security after 2001), it would have changed the interpretation of the quotes she includes in her article.
Mark is suggesting that Ruth Marcus is the dishonest one here. Brad seems to think she does not understand this issue at all. Brad often asks whether some really awful op-ed was example of Stupidity or Mendacity? It would seem that with the Washington Post, it’s both. But we have seen this movie before. Paul Krugman offers up some compelling discussion on an issue that offends the rightwing agenda of this Administration – and certain rag publications (e.g., National Review, Weekly Standard) twist both his words and the facts to slam Dr. Krugman as being both dumb and dishonest. It is sad to see that the Washington Post has lowered itself to be just another rightwing rag.
Monday, November 19, 2007
The Real Trickledown
The Wall Street Journal reports on the scandal about tainted Chinese ginger that found its way into U.S. stores. In part, the story reads " The path of this batch of ginger, some 8,000 miles around the world, shows how global supply chains have grown so long that some U.S. companies can't be sure where the products they're buying are made or grown -- and without knowing the source of the product, it's difficult to solve the problem."
The story here sounds strangely familiar, like the financial assets concocted from the subprime mortgage system. In fact, the whole capitalist system seems to be set up to avoid responsibility. Subcontractors, shell companies, and legal ruses allow people with power to avoid responsibility. This is the real trickle down.
The Wall Street Journal reports on the scandal about tainted Chinese ginger that found its way into U.S. stores. In part, the story reads " The path of this batch of ginger, some 8,000 miles around the world, shows how global supply chains have grown so long that some U.S. companies can't be sure where the products they're buying are made or grown -- and without knowing the source of the product, it's difficult to solve the problem."
The story here sounds strangely familiar, like the financial assets concocted from the subprime mortgage system. In fact, the whole capitalist system seems to be set up to avoid responsibility. Subcontractors, shell companies, and legal ruses allow people with power to avoid responsibility. This is the real trickle down.
Paul Samuelson on the New Financial Instruments and Monetary Policy
Paul Samuelson has a must read in the International Herald Tribune:
Today, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke admits that nobody, including him, is able to guess how near to bankruptcy the biggest banks in New York, London, Frankfort and Tokyo might be as a result of the real estate crisis. As one of the economists who helped create today's newfangled securities, I must plead guilty: These new mechanisms both mask transparency and tempt to rash over-leveraging. Why should non-economist readers care about these technicalities?
Dr. Samuelson’s explanation of the implications for monetary policy after the jump.
Because the policy tools that served so well for Alan Greenspan's Federal Reserve and for the Bank of England now have to be changed. It used to be enough for a central bank to "lean against the wind." That means lower interest rates when unemployment is too high and when deflation threatens. And when business growth is too brisk, central banks are supposed to raise their interest rates to dampen growth and to forestall price-level inflation that threatens to exceed 2 percent per year. Today, central bankers and U.S. Treasury cabinet officers cannot know whether current interest rates are too high or too low. This is surprising, but true. The safest bond interest rates are indeed low. But financial panic engendered by the burst bubble of unsound U.S. and foreign mortgage lending means that even a mammoth corporation like General Electric would find it expensive now to finance a loan needed to build a new and efficient factory.
I can recall my macroeconomic professors complaining about the shorthand of “the interest rate”, but this seemed like a quibble in the real world of policy making until we hit the Bush41 recession. Of course, President George H. W. Bush was trying to end the S&L crisis and raise tax rates at the same time, which likely made the FED’s job more difficult during his Administration. I don’t pity the task the FED is tasked with now either. Dr. Samuelson rightfully advocates a little more regulation of lending practices. But couldn’t more regulation of financial markets have a similar impact to the S&L reforms during Bush41’s era? Dr. Samuelson has a little more advice for our policymakers:
Watch developments closely. If America's Christmas retail sales fail badly - as they could when high energy prices and high mortgage costs pinch consumers' pocket books - then be prepared to accelerate credit infusions by central banks on the three main continents ... What the world does not need now is tolerance for any persistent weakness in global Main Street growth. It is better when physicians worry too much about a patient's health than when they worry too little.
I hope Chairman Ben will follow Dr. Samuelson’s advice.
Minimum Wage Debate: Should We Always Assume Perfect Competition?
Milton Friedman certainly did not like the minimum wage but in this oft noted discussion, Dr. Friedman does not assume that labor markets are perfectly competitive:
You almost always when you have bad programs have an unholy coalition of the do-gooders on the one hand and the special interests on the other. The minimum wage law is as clear a case as you could want. The special interests are, of course, the trade unions, the monopolistic craft trade unions in particular. The do-gooders believe that by passing a law saying that nobody shall get less than $2 an hour or $2.50 an hour, or whatever the minimum wage is, you are helping poor people who need the money. You are doing nothing of the kind. What you are doing is to assure that people whose skills are not sufficient to justify that kind of a wage will be unemployed.
Dr. Friedman did not consider market power on the other side of the employment equation in this discussion and Amit Varma must have never heard of monopsony power.
Amit and Don Boudreaux heart something that Congressman Bill Sali said in opposition to raising the minimum wage:
Mr. Speaker, a number of my colleagues have pointed out the problems with raising the minimum wage; that it is an unfunded mandate on small business, will likely result in the loss of over 1 million jobs for low wage earners, that it will eliminate entry level jobs and actually hurt the poor more than it helps them. The negative impacts will result naturally from the rules and principles of the free market. In my college courses, I learned that the rules and principles of free markets are the rules and principles that every business and worker are subject to in every transaction, every negotiation and every new idea. That is, those negative effects of this bill are unavoidable with its passage. In spite of the negative effects, this bill does seem destined to pass.
The Congressman from Idaho offers no empirical evidence that increases in the minimum wage leads to massive employment losses. Many labor economists would argue that it does not reduce employment by nearly that much. Most labor economists also recognize the possibility that there may be sectors where monopsony power does not exist. I would hope Don Boudreaux would one day catch up with what most labor economists have known for years.
Sunday, November 18, 2007
Social Security: Don Boudreaux Should Read Dean Baker More Often
Don is unhappy with Paul Krugman: The only evidence that Krugman presents to support his case against the proposition that Social Security is headed for insolvency (unless it undergoes big changes) is simply that Medicare and Medicaid are headed for insolvency that's even worse.
Oh good grief – try reading the excellent coverage of this issue presented by Dean Baker . Don really put his foot in his mouth with this analogy:So Krugman's case that Social Security presents no real problems to worry about is like, say, a lawyer advising client Jones that the grand-larceny charges against Jones are really nothing to worry about because client Smith is facing the more serious charge of murder.
Don should check this out if he’s curious why I’m laughing at his analogy.
Saturday, November 17, 2007
Capital Punishment: More Con from Econometrics
Mark Thoma and I are both opposed to capital punishment. Mark points to some new ”evidence” that capital punishment deters murder:
According to roughly a dozen recent studies, executions save lives. For each inmate put to death, the studies say, 3 to 18 murders are prevented.
To paraphrase John Edwards, we’ve seen this movie before.
Jeffrey Fagan of Columbia Law School offered some interesting testimony a couple of years ago:
Recent studies claiming that executions reduce murders have fueled the revival of deterrence as a rationale to expand the use of capital punishment. Such strong claims are not unusual in either the social or natural sciences, but like nearly all claims of strong causal effects from any social or legal intervention, the claims of a “new deterrence” fall apart under close scrutiny. These new studies are fraught with technical and conceptual errors: inappropriate methods of statistical analysis, failures to consider all the relevant factors that drive murder rates, missing data on key variables in key states, the tyranny of a few outlier states and years, and the absence of any direct test of deterrence. These studies fail to reach the demanding standards of social science to make such strong claims, standards such as replication and basic comparisons with other scenarios. Some simple examples and contrasts, including a careful analysis of the experience in New York State compared to others, lead to a rejection of the idea that either death sentences or executions deter murder … In 1975, Professor Isaac Ehrlich published an influential article saying that during the 1950s and 1960s, each execution averted eight murders. Although Ehrlich’s research was a highly technical article prepared for an audience of economists, its influence went well beyond the economics profession … Over the next two decades, economists and other social scientists attempted (mostly without success) to replicate Ehrlich's results using different data, alternative statistical methods, and other twists that tried to address glaring errors in Ehrlich’s techniques and data. The accumulated scientific evidence from these later studies also weighed heavily against the claim that executions deter murders.
Dr.Fagan calls this research junk science but where have I heard of Ehrlich's results. Could it be when Ed Leamer was presenting his Let’s Take the Con Out of Econometrics? Mark says:
This is easy for me. It doesn't matter whether the research on the issue is valid or not. I'm against the death penalty.
Dr. Fagan would likely add that this new research is likely no more valid that the rest of the junk science we have seen.
Maybe Obama Isn’t a Sucker But Fred Thompson Endorses Grand Larceny
It seems that our gracious administrator fears I’ve gone to the Dark Side favoring some LMS plan over a more liberal plan to make sure Social Security is solvent for a long, long time. Maybe I was too harsh on Senator Obama as it’s possible that he’s not a sucker. When I need a little help expressing what my real concern is, Dean Baker often provides the light.Senator Thompson's plan provides for cuts in benefits that increase through time. Twenty years after it is implemented, benefits would be 20 percent below currently scheduled levels, after forty years benefits would be 35 percent lower, and after 60 years they would be 48 percent lower. While these cuts in benefits would be far more than enough to put the program in surplus over its seventy five year planning horizon, the Post still isn't happy. It complains "but he neglects to make clear that fully half of that solution would come from transferring general revenue funds to the Social Security system." Mr. Thompson probably "neglects" to make this point clear because it isn't true. We can see this with simple arithmetic. The SS shortfall is equal to 1.9 percent of projected payroll according to the SS trustees. The non-partisan Congressional Budget Office puts the shortfall somewhat lower. If we add this to the 12.4 percent payroll tax, this implies a shortfall that averages 13.3 percent of benefits (1.9 percent divided by 14.3 percent). The Thompson plan achieves this level of benefit reduction after 14 years, with the cuts growing further over the 75-year planning horizon. (Thompson's cuts apply to new beneficiaries, but I have ignored the $2 trillion accumulated surplus in the trust fund and the revenue from taxing SS benefits in this calculation.)
Where does the WaPo and Dean diverge on their math? Dean takes the current Trust Fund reserves and the surpluses that will continue BIG TIME over the next several years to be part of – well the Trust Fund. WaPo and Fred Thompson, however, would rather count those payroll “contributions” that we’ve paid for the last 25 years and will pay for the next decade plus as really employment taxes to fund things like the Iraq War, the Prescription Drug Benefit, and Bush’s tax cuts on capital income.
Let’s be real. Raising employment taxes to cut capital income taxes has been the GOP agenda for sometime and their means is accounting fraud with the Federal budget. Paul Krugman, Dean Baker, and I make this silly assumption that those Trust Fund surpluses are in some hypothetical “lock box” with a clear accounting for the dedicated payroll tax as Paul likes to call it. But the GOP is working with another accounting standard called the unified budget. It is sort of like when Dick Cheney asked some Andersen accounting partner to alter the books for Halliburton but forgot to tell his shareholders. Maybe silly old Fred Thompson just slipped up and let the world know about this accounting fraud.
Now if Senator Obama is smart enough not to be fooled with the GOP accounting fraud, let me be the first to applaud him. Maybe there are a few Republicans who as honest and Andrew Samwick about this issue, but again – let’s be real and recognize that the honest Republicans are not the ones in political leadership roles. Senator Obama appears to be willing to work with honest Republicans on this issue. But outside of Ron Paul – can you name me one Republican candidate who is being honest on this particular issue and does not wish to convert our past payroll contributions to employment taxes to bail out the General Fund fiasco? I certainly cannot.
As far as the long-run solvency of the Social Security system, I’m willing to wait until we have a Democrat in the White House as there is no urgency on this issue. Our gracious administrator correctly states that Clinton has not made any proposal. I sense he doesn’t trust her on this one and I have no reason to do so either. My only point – which I think she is taking – is that we should debate the Republican thieves on more urgent issues such as this insane war and the General Fund fiasco. Doing what is right on these issues can be political winners. The first order of business is getting a real President in the White House. Early 2009 will be soon enough to have the great Social Security debate.
David Dreier’s Plan to Pay for the Iraq War: Just Call it a Mistake
Hat tip to Brad DeLong for pointing us to Hilzoy who listens to David Dreier so we don’t have to. Hilzoy catches Congressman Dreier offering yet another excuse to trash pay-as-you-go.
The Washington Post article notes this is over how to fix the AMT mess:The House yesterday narrowly approved a $73.8 billion measure to protect millions of families from the alternative minimum tax and offer new tax breaks to middle-income homeowners and low-income parents, offset by tax increases that would land primarily on wealthy Wall Street financiers. The 216 to 193 vote came after a fiery debate that divided Democrats and energized Republicans, who assailed proposed tax increases that Rep. Sam Johnson (R-Tex.) called "an assault on free enterprise." Democrats countered that they were only closing tax loopholes on super-rich private-equity and hedge fund managers in order to live by a pledge of fiscal responsibility.
The New York Times article caught Dreier giving a preview of Bush’s Saturday radio address:But anti-tax Republicans said the AMT was a mistake and thus offsets were unneeded. "What absolute lunacy," said Rep. David Dreier, R-Calif., "paying for a tax that was never intended."
As Hilroy notes:For this, they are being excoriated by Republicans. David Dreier thinks that PAYGO rules shouldn't apply to "mistakes" … What a fascinating principle: you don't have to pay for costs you incur by mistake. I wonder if our creditors will go for that? And why not extend it to other things as well? The Iraq war, for instance, was never expected to last this long: why should we bother to come up with the billions and billions of dollars we are still paying for it? If it comes to that, why not just throw fiscal responsibility out the window?
One should note that President Bush ditched pay-as-you-go over six years ago. In his radio address this morning, he had two themes. First, he said he would veto any bill that actually paid for the AMT fix with an offsetting tax increase. His second message was to chastise Congress for not passing more Iraq War spending. As Hilroy notes – this war was a mistake so by Bush’s and Dreier’s “logic”, we don’t have to pay for that either. And who is to blame for all of this? President Bush was blaming the Democrats. After all, the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget Act is just irresponsible in the minds of our current GOP leaders.
Really Fictitious Debt
Business Week had an interesting article about companies that buy and sell debt that has been discharged in bankruptcy -- meaning that there is no debt. But the companies that buy the debt use unscrupulous methods to pressure people to repay the discharged debt that they no longer owe.
Berner, Robert and Brian Grow. 2007. "Prisoners of Debt." Business Week (12 November): pp. 44-51.
46: "In the 1990s, businesses adept at tracking and trading consumer debt expanded their reach to dabble in accounts enmeshed in bankruptcy. That dabbling has grown into a robust market. Some of the trade in so-called bankruptcy paper involves debts that remain collectible. What's troubling is that the market now also includes billions in discharged debts, which ought to have no dollar value. Owners of canceled liabilities can revive their value in two main ways: by directly pressuring consumers to cough up cash or by gaming the credit system."
46: "Consumer lawyers and even some longtime players in the bankruptcy-paper market say they're worried that the trading of canceled debt encourages unsavory efforts to collect on discharged debt. "What you are highlighting is a significant abuse in the industry," acknowledges William Weinstein, a former chief executive of B-Line and a pioneer in the debt-buying business. Speaking generally and not about his former company, he confirms that some lenders and debt buyers simply hound consumers to pay debts that have been canceled, while others refrain from informing consumer credit bureaus when debts are eliminated. "The failure to accurately update credit reporting has allowed unscrupulous activity to prosper," says Weinstein."
48: "William R. Sawyer, a U.S. bankruptcy judge in Montgomery, Ala., says that in the past two years he has seen a surge in cases alleging that lenders and debt buyers have purposefully neglected to report the discharge of debt to credit bureaus. The ploy, he says, is an "indirect means" of pushing consumers to pay debts they no longer really owe. "Creditors and collectors are skating as close as they can to the law and really trying to diminish its value"."
50: "One large bank is planning a bulk sale of Chapter 7 debt this fall with a face value of $3 billion."
50: "Increased competition recently in the bankruptcy-paper market has driven up the price of discharged debt -- from 1/20th of a cent on the dollar to 3/20ths, or higher -- and that has helped spur more aggressive collection tactics."
Friday, November 16, 2007
VLWC QUIZ
by the Sandwichman
True or false?:
Nowhere is the Left's influence more obvious than in the media, both here and in the USA. With the exception of a handful of journalists the media is now overwhelmingly anti-conservative. What can we expect when the vast majority of journalists would describe themselves as left-wing. With journalists parroting what amounts to the 'party line', is it any wonder newspapers largely read the same.
Elsewhere, the same self-styled "economics editor" writes,
Economic logic tells us quite forcefully that so long as human wants go unsatisfied and the means of satisfying them are available there will never be a shortage of work.
So how do high levels of persistent unemployment emerge? Because labour has been priced out of work. When labour’s gross wage (wages plus oncosts) exceeds the value of its services then part of the labour supply will be rendered unemployed.
True or false?
Essay question: How does the "economic logic" described in the second citation explain the perceived pervasive influence of the Left in the media?
Social Security and Raising Taxes on the Rich: Clinton v. Obama
For me – the highlight of the debate was when one woman framed a question on fiscal responsibility in terms of some alleged Social Security and Medicare financing crisis. Obama tried this spin:
This is the kind of thing that I would expect from Mitt Romney or Rudy Giuliani, playing with numbers to make a point.
Paul Krugman says Obama has been played for a sucker. I don’t get the logic of his proposed tax increase.
Paul writes:
Mr. Obama wanted a way to distinguish himself from Hillary Clinton - and for Mr. Obama, who has said that the reason “we can’t tackle the big problems that demand solutions” is that “politics has become so bitter and partisan,” joining in the attack on Senator Clinton’s Social Security position must have seemed like a golden opportunity to sound forceful yet bipartisan. But Social Security isn’t a big problem that demands a solution; it’s a small problem, way down the list of major issues facing America, that has nonetheless become an obsession of Beltway insiders. And on Social Security, as on many other issues, what Washington means by bipartisanship is mainly that everyone should come together to give conservatives what they want. We all wish that American politics weren’t so bitter and partisan. But if you try to find common ground where none exists - which is the case for many issues today - you end up being played for a fool. And that’s what has just happened to Mr. Obama.
Maybe Obama needed to read one of Paul’s columns explaining the actual numbers involved with the future financing of the Social Security problem. Clinton’s answer was much closer to the facts than Obama’a answer – which is likely why the audience booed Obama.
Ed Kilgore approvingly notes Obama’s tax increase proposal:
With another Democratic candidate debate on tap in Nevada later today, you can bet Barack Obama is going to get questions about his proposal for modifying the cap on income subject to Social Security payroll taxes. But it's important to understand why this is such a big deal for a lot of progressive Democrats. His proposal isn't the controversial thing (though it certainly would be in a general election campaign, where it would be hammered by Republicans as a tax increase); it's his decision to raise the subject at all, and particularly his use of the word "crisis" to describe the status of the Social Security system.
I hope Ed listened to the debate when Obama criticized Clinton for not wanting to raise taxes on the rich. Obama seemed to suggest raising employment taxes is the way to sock it to high income individuals. Clinton appears to want to raise income tax rates, which would tax both labor income and capital income. Given the degree of wealth inequality, one would think that raising income tax rates is a better way of restoring a progressive tax system than raising employment taxes. This simple fact seems to be lost on Obama.
Update: Greg Mankiw chastises Paul Krugman for that criticism of Senator Obama. But I don’t get what Greg is trying to say here. OK, back in 1998 we may have been forecasting that the Trust Fund reserves would be depleted by 2029. But I hope Greg has kept up with the revised forecasts that Paul was mentioning today. And Greg should know that what President Clinton was saying in 1998 is a far cry from the rightwing spin that Paul noted. Seriously – if one wants to attack Paul Krugman for something he said, one should be more accurate with what the argument was. And one should also realize to use updated forecasts – and not some forecast from a decade ago.
Thursday, November 15, 2007
Retribution, Complex Financialization, and the Law
A wonderful Ohio judge seems to have stopped foreclosure in Ohio because the investors in mortgage securities pools lack legal standing to foreclose because they cannot show proof ownership. After all, nobody knows who owns what.
Morgenson, Gretchen. 2007. "Foreclosures Hit a Snag for Lenders." New York Times (15 November).
"A federal judge in Ohio has ruled against a longstanding foreclosure practice, potentially creating an obstacle for lenders trying to reclaim properties from troubled borrowers and raising questions about the legal standing of investors in mortgage securities pools. Judge Christopher A. Boyko of Federal District Court in Cleveland dismissed 14 foreclosure cases brought on behalf of mortgage investors, ruling that they had failed to prove that they owned the properties they were trying to seize."
"The pooling of home loans into securities has been practiced for decades and helped propel real estate prices in recent years as investors sought the higher yields that such mortgage trusts could provide. Some $6.5 trillion of securitized mortgage debt was outstanding at the end of 2006."
"But as foreclosures have surged, the complex structure and disparate ownership of mortgage securities have made it harder for borrowers to work out troubled loans, in part because they cannot identify who holds the mortgage notes, consumer advocates say. Now, the Ohio ruling indicates that the intricacies of the mortgage pools are starting to create problems for lenders as well. Lawyers for troubled homeowners are expected to seize upon the district judge’s opinion as a way to impede foreclosures across the country or force investors to settle with homeowners. And it may encourage judges in other courts to demand more documentation of ownership from lenders trying to foreclose."
Moral Hazard Fundamentalism Redux
I posted somewhat infelicitously (or even more infelicitously than usual!) a while back on this topic . I have a neat example to make my point, now.
Imagine a society where everyone has the same opportunities for producing income. Working with high effort, they make $144 with probability 2/3 and $0 with probability 1/3. Working with low effort - slacking- they have equal probability of making $144 or $0. Utility is the square root of income, minus 1/2 if they work hard, or minus 0 if they slack off. People maximize expected utility. In one society - let's call it the ownership society - the state is a night watchman state and does no redistribution. Everyone works hard in this society, since this gives utility of 2/3(12) -1/2 = 6.5, while slacking gives utility of 1/2(12) = 6. Another society - let's call it Slackerland - practices complete egalitarianism, redistributing all income. Of course, with incentives dulled, everyone slacks off in Slackerland - the bums! If they are large enough in number, each will enjoy a certain income of $72 (compared to an average income of $96 in THE OWNERSHIP SOCIETY, the wonder of the world, where incentives are as sharp as tacks and moral hazard dare not appear). But oh my, the Slackers enjoy utility of of 8.48, the square root of 72 - more than the 6.5 utils the citizens of the ownership society enjoy*!
Moral hazard fundamentalists ignore the fact that moral hazard is often an inescapable byproduct of doing something good, namely spreading risk. The welfare state dulls incentives: therefore it is bad. Bad welfare state! Get down!
*I am assuming that private income insurance is unavailable - due to adverse selection (I'd need, obviously, to heterogenize my people and their opportunities and the numbers in my example would be the averages.)
Rebecca Moves from Sunnybrook Farm to the New York Times!
Below, New York Times economics writer David Leonhart gives us the upside of down. My comments are in brackets.
The New York Times / November 14, 2007
Economic Scene Good News: Housing's Down, Market's Off, Oil's Up
By DAVID LEONHARDTUntil yesterday's rally on Wall Street, the news on the business pages has sounded pretty grim lately. Stocks are still down 6 percent from their peak this year, and oil is near a record high. The dollar, incredibly, is worth only 96 Canadian cents. And house prices will be falling for a long time to come.
So in an effort to cheer everyone up before Thanksgiving, this column is going to focus today on some good news. Here it is:
Stocks are still down 6 percent from their peak, and oil is near a record high. The dollar, incredibly, is worth only 96 Canadian cents. And house prices will be falling for a long time to come.
Seriously.
[I truly admire this willingness to be contrarian! There's no reason to accept any
version conventional wisdom at face value. -- JD]As long as the financial system doesn't have a major meltdown, none of these developments will turn out to be as bad as you think. Some of them are downright welcome.
[This "as long as the financial system doesn't have a major meltdown..." is quite a clause! (a veritable Santa Clause!) Can we rely on the Fed to prevent such a meltdown? do they have the power to do or will they have to mobilize the big banks to save the day? (can the big banks afford to do so?) will the taxpayers foot the bill, as with the bail-out of the Savings & Loan industry? or is the financial mess smaller and milder than most think? there are no answers in this article.]Too often, we think about the economy without nuance. We treat it as a local sports team that is either winning or losing, up or down. We're always supposed to be rooting for stocks and homes to become more valuable and for oil and overseas vacations to become more affordable.
But that's not quite right. There are real downsides to an economy full of expensive assets and inexpensive resources. There are also a lot of people who are better off because of the recent turmoil. You may well be one of them.
The best place to start is the stock market, because it's the most counterintuitive. The notion that anybody but a sophisticated Wall Street short-seller should be hoping that stocks fall sounds, frankly, bizarre. But it's true: a huge chunk of the population -- including most people under the age of 50 -- has benefited from this year's market drop.
My favorite explanation of this idea is still a column that Peter Coy of Business Week wrote in 1999, during the dot-com mania. He said he was thinking of forming a club called Stockholders Who Wish the Stock Market Would Stop Going Up So Fast. It would be meant for people who were at least two decades from retirement and who weren't active investors. They instead owned 401(k)'s and individual retirement accounts.
They were, in other words, typical. Only 21 percent of families owned stocks outright in 2004, the most recent year for which the Federal Reserve has released data. Almost 50 percent of families owned a retirement account, by contrast. The typical retirement account (median value of $35,200) was also a lot bigger than the typical stock holding ($15,000).
These long-term, buy-and-hold investors, as Mr. Coy pointed out, are actually hurt by a market that rises too quickly. When stocks get so expensive, returns over the next few decades are usually mediocre. And only a small chunk of a typical person's investments will have been made before the run-up.
It would be much better -- tens or even hundreds of thousands of dollars better -- if the market rose more steadily and the bulk of the 401(k) contributions could then rise along with it. Buy low and sell high, right?
[Alas, a lot of people don't get this. I still remember friends asking me for advice when they were leaping into the stock market in the late 1990s. My advice that they "stay out until prices fall" wasn't acceptable.]A true crash would take care of this problem. But the market's big fall from 2000 through 2002 doesn't fit the definition, because it didn't come close to erasing the effects of the bubble. Stocks are still more expensive today, relative to corporate earnings over the previous decade, than at any time besides the late 1920s and the dot-com boom.
So unless you're about to retire or sell stock for some other reason, you shouldn't get too upset about the market's fall. As long as you are planning on more buying than selling over the next decade or two, a market correction is your friend.
[The problem with this is that a "true crash" creates other problems. Suddenly the ability to use stocks as collateral for loans is severely undermined. If you are already heavily indebted, perhaps if you borrowed to put money into stocks, falling asset values represent a serious problem. It can drive you into bankruptcy.
Further, the wealth effect of a true stock market crash depresses consumer spending, especially that of stock-owners (mostly, the rich). Corporations have a harder time raising funds to finance real (fixed) investment by selling new stock. Expectations of future profitability are hurt. All of these spell recession, all else constant. This usually hurts corporate dividends and returns, and the stock market.]It's also likely to improve the nation's long-term economic prospects. The bull market of 1990s, combined with the housing boom, fooled many people into thinking they didn't need to save money. They evidently figured that their existing assets would continue to soar in value and could serve as their nest egg. Last year, Americans saved only 0.4 percent of their disposable income, down from 7 percent in 1990.
This decline in personal savings has set the stage for all kinds of problems. The biggest may be that less savings, by definition, equals a smaller pool of capital available for overall investment. Less investment -- be it in medical technology or software -- will mean slower economic growth and lower standards of living down the road.
[This is illusion. As Keynes pointed out, it's not saving that drives investment. Increased saving, all else equal, encourages a _fall_ in total spending on GDP, i.e., recession. A recession -- or even a slow-down in the economy -- can, via the famous accelerator effect, _stop_ private fixed investment (the real stuff, not the financial investment in the stock market).
In any event, domestic saving is not needed to finance real investment. Funds can -- and have been -- coming from outside the country. This is where many people get upset: an inflow of funds is the same thing as a trade deficit (or, more accurately, a current-account deficit), where the country is spending more on foreign goods and services than it sells exports.
But there is nothing wrong with that kind of deficit if the funds go to pay for productive investment. The US did very well during most of the 19th century
despite trade deficits, since it used the borrowed funds to build up industry
and rise toward the top of the pack.
The problem is that nowadays these imported funds (capital inflows) go to pay
for wasteful activities, such as tax cuts for the rich and the war in Iraq. They are mostly going to current consumption and unproductive purposes rather than to fixed investment (broadly defined, to included education and the like).
In sum, it's fixed investment that deserves our attention, not saving.]Fortunately, the savings rate has begun to climb, especially since the housing market turned. So far this year, Americans have saved 0.8 percent of their income, and the number should continue to rise. As Joe Davis, an economist at the Vanguard Group, the investment company, said, "This will be a slow-moving and ongoing process, but I think a welcome one."
[Yes, if we want a recession. Now, it _is_ true that rising (net) exports due to the falling dollar can help avoid a recession. But that falling dollar imposes a loss of real living standards on all of us who import or rely on others to import -- i.e., all people in the US. It also encourages inflation, for example in oil prices (in US dollar terms).
It is also true that a rising government deficit can avoid recession. But, as
mentioned, currently that's going mostly as rewards to Bush's rich supporters
or down the sink holes of Iraq and Afghanistan. That hardly helps the economic
health of the Average American!]The other ostensible pieces of bad news have their own silver linings. As the cost of gas has soared to $3 a gallon [and significantly higher in places like California, where I live -- JD], from an inflation-adjusted low of about $1.20 in 1999, Americans have finally started buying more efficient cars and trucks. For the first time since the mid-1980s, the fuel economy of new vehicles has increased for two straight years, the Environment Protection Agency recently reported. This will slow global warming and make life a little less comfortable for oil-rich autocrats (though not nearly as much as a carbon tax would).
[Yes, but the rising oil price also creates an inflationary impulse that prevents the Fed from using monetary policy to moderate recession and/or solve the big financial mess that Wall Street faces. Not that the Fed is normally all-powerful, able to "fine tune" the economy and avoid recessions, inflation, and the like. But the inflationary shock makes its tasks even harder.]The fall of the dollar, meanwhile, may be precisely what the world economy needs right now, as James Paulsen of Wells Capital Management points out. It provides a lift to the sagging American economy, by allowing companies in the United States to export more, while encouraging consumers to spend less on imports and save more.
[See above.]It's not even clear that falling house prices are such a bad thing. They don't really matter for families who aren't planning to move. They don't even matter much for families moving to a similar house in a similar market. The house they are buying will have gotten cheaper, too.
Families hoping to buy their first house, on the other hand, clearly benefit. (Easy for me to say, though. As my boss pointed out when he heard about this column, I'm a renter and still decades from retirement.)
There is no question that people have gotten hurt this year. Many families have struggled to pay their bills. Others have had to delay retirement, and thousands have lost their homes to foreclosure. In an ideal world, the imbalances in the economy would never have become so extreme.
[Note that the housing crunch, like a "true" stock market crash, encourages recession by dampening consumer spending -- and also by hurting fixed investment in the housing industry (and related, like Home Depot).]But once they did, what, really, was the alternative to the recent turmoil? An ever-higher stock market, ever-cheaper oil or an ever more insane mortgage market wouldn't have solved the problems of the American economy. It would have made them worse.
Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company
[This shows a total lack of perspective. Since the end of the Keynesian age (in the 1970s) we've seen a return to the business cycle pattern that prevailed in the 1920s and before. There are speculative booms in GDP like that of the late 1990s, followed by speculative crashes as in 2001 (moderated by the Fed). The boom creates the conditions that create the crash, which then creates the next speculative boom. Just as then, the self-generating cycle is changed by the US involvement in wars (World War I back then, the Gulf War I and II now), which stimulate the economy.
The only complication is that nowadays (unlike under the gold standard) the Fed moderates (or tries to moderate) the fluctuations. Sometimes, it seems, it creates the basis for new speculative booms, as with the currently-ended housing bubble.
Using perfect 19th century logic, Leonhardt is arguing that because of the speculative boom, we need the speculative crash. But what about changing the policy regime? The government could increase the role of the automatic stabilizers as it did starting in the 1930s, while increasing the amount of investment in (needed!) infrastructure, basic research & development, education, and public health. It could actually make an effort to clean up the aftermath of Katrina. That would get us back to the 1950s & 1960s. Of course there would be problems, but that's another topic.
Another problem with the pre-1950s cycle -- and with Leonhardt's logic -- is that the economy can spin off its normal up-and-down path. This is what happened back in 1929-33. I don't think Leonhardt wants to contemplate this possibility.]
[by Jim Devine]
Wednesday, November 14, 2007
API Commissions CRA to Write Macroeconomic Nonsense
Karen Matusic and Robert Dodge of API, which is the national trade association that represents all aspects of America’s oil and natural gas industry, boosts:
Energy legislation pending in Congress likely would have significant adverse effects on the economy and consumers – including nearly 5 million lost jobs and $1 trillion in lost economic output, according to a report released today by API. The study, prepared by CRA International and commissioned by API, found that the combined effect of seven legislative proposals would restrict the supply of energy available to the U.S. economy and would likely increase the cost of energy supplies to consumers and businesses.
The CRA report goes well beyond this by claiming that by 2030, the effect of this bill would be to: (1) reduce aggregate employment by 4.9 million relative to baseline; (2) reduce GDP by 4 percent of $1 trillion relative to baseline; and (3) lead to reductions in both consumption and investment.
Who knew CRA was in the business of macroeconomic modeling? I did find this presentation. NEEM seems to rely on CRA’s expertise in the energy sector whereas MRN focuses on the macroeconomic impacts of some policy change. The MRN stands for Multi-Regional National Model. The designer of MNR appears to be Thomas F. Rutherford who appears to be a professor of “Environmental and Resource Economics” and not a macroeconomist. So maybe we can forgive him and CRA for not understanding that the aggregate demand effects of policy changes are not generally believed to last for a couple of decades even in the most Keynesian of models.
It would appear that the API and CRA have put forth a rather nonsensical analysis to trick us into believer that changes in energy policies will lead to a prolonged recession.
Social Security: Obama and Russert
Mark Weisbrot watches Meet the Press so we don’t have to:
Obama told Russert: "Now, we've got 78 million baby boomers that are going to be retiring, and every expert that looks at this problem says 'There's going to be a gap, and we're going to have more money going out than we have coming in unless we make some adjustments now.'"
Had Russert said this, I would have thought that this was his usual stupidity on this issue. But to hear Senator Obama says this was sad. Mark offers this explanation of why these GOP talking points miss the boat:
In fact, the first cohort of baby boomers (those born in 1946) will begin retiring in just a couple of months, since many people take their Social Security at age 62 (with a correspondingly reduced benefit). Our Y2K moment is upon us, and nothing will happen - because the baby boomers' retirement has already been financed. Back in 1983, when Social Security really was running out of money, with just a few months of payments on hand, Congress raised the payroll tax substantially. This was done deliberately in order to pile up a surplus to finance the baby boomers' retirement. And so it did: that accumulated surplus stands at more than two trillion dollars today, and is increasing at a rate of $190 billion annually. As a result of this surplus, all the baby boomers' will have retired before Social Security runs into a projected shortfall in 2041. That is according to the Social Security's (mostly Republican-appointed) Trustees. According to the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office, Social Security can pay all promised benefits even longer, until 2046. By either date, most baby boomers will be dead, and almost all of the rest retired, before there is a problem.
Senator Obama is beginning to sound like Fred Thompson, which has me wondering: is he running for the Democratic or the Republican nomination?
Monday, November 12, 2007
The Corporatization of the University
"Presidents at 12 private universities received more than $1 million in the 2005-6 school year, the most recent period for which data on private institutions is available, up from seven a year earlier, according to an annual survey of presidential pay to be released today by The Chronicle of Higher Education. The number of private college presidents earning more than $500,000 reached 81, up from 70 a year earlier and just three a decade ago. The survey also found that the number of public university presidents making $700,000 or more rose to eight in 2006-7, the reporting period for public institutions. Only two public university presidents made $700,000 in the previous period. The survey did not include E. Gordon Gee, who took over at Ohio State University earlier this year and whose $1 million pay package, before bonuses, is probably the highest of any public institution."
"John W. Curtis, director of research and public policy at the American Association of University Professors, said rising pay to presidents was consistent with a “corporate mindset” at colleges."
Glater, Jonathan D. 2007. "Increased Compensation Puts More College Presidents in the Million-Dollar Club." (New York Times (12 November).
In the Long Run We’re All Hung Over from the Short Run
One of fundamentals of contemporary economic wisdom is that short run fluctuations only affect short run output; in the long run it’s all about growth. Textbooks have dropped their chapters on business cycles and replaced them with fancy growth models. The short run is for speculators; the long run is for serious policy analysts. But what if it’s all wrong?
A recent paper by Cerra and Saxena, two economists at the Bank for International Settlements, argues that the economic costs of recessions and more serious crises tend to be permanent. According to their analysis, post-recession recovery does not generally return an economy to its pre-recession growth trend, but shifts the trend line down a notch. That is, periods of negative growth are not usually followed by periods of above-trend growth. Poor countries may be poor not because their growth rates during healthy periods are lower, but because they have more and deeper disruptions.
I am not in position to adjudicate, except to notice (1) most economists simply assume that recovery returns an economy to trend, (2) the issue is of enormous importance, and (3) if Cerra and Saxena are right, we need to rewrite the macro textbooks (again).
UPDATE: DeLong endorses the view that short run effects don't last:Which side am I on? I tell my undergraduates:
At a time horizon of 0-3 years, be a Keynesian: the most important things are the fluctuations in unemployment, in real demand, and in capacity utilization.
At a time horizon of 3-8 years, be a demand-side monetarist: you can assume (provisionally) that fluctuations in employment, real demand, and capacity utilization die out; the most important things are the fluctuations in the composition of real demand (investment vs. consumption vs. government vs. net exports) and in inflation- and deflation-causing nominal demand assuming (provisionally) stable growth of the economy's productive capacity.
At a time horizon of 8 years or greater, be a sane supply-sider: the most important things are the processes of investment in physical, human, and organizational capital that raise the economy's productive capacity
Sunday, November 11, 2007
Fictitious Capital and Financial Responsibility
Joel Kupferman, who has done great work on the World Trade cleanup scandal, just sent me this. The last line gives a deep insight into the mindset of people with authority in the U.S. today.
WTC insurance funds used for food, drinks
Published: Nov. 11, 2007
NEW YORK, Nov. 11 (UPI) -- Records show officials tied to the $1 billion World Trade Center insurance fund have been using that money for dinners and cocktails in New York.
Designated for Ground Zero cleanup and potential liability claims against the city, the insurance fund has been used by fund lawyers and executives to pay for a series of drinks and dinners in local establishments, the New York Post said Sunday.
Those expenditures have been criticized by U.S. Rep. Jerrold Nadler, D-N.Y., who said the money should be focused on aiding the victims of Sept. 11.
"The captive fund was never meant to serve as an open-ended expense account for well-paid lawyers," Nadler said. "Every dime wasted is money that could, and should, have gone to those who continue to suffer because of their exposure at Ground Zero."
The Post reported that Caroline Gentile, a spokeswoman for the fund, has defended the expenditures. She said the dinner and beverage costs were legitimate business expenses and added that the fund has grown by $15 million since its inception due to interest.
More Economic Imbalances
The tightly wound economy is such that when adjustments to contradictions take place in one spot they create new contradictions elsewhere, at least that is what an old German philosopher once said. Here is an example:
"Washington Mutual Inc. got what it wanted in 2005: A revised bankruptcy code that no longer lets people walk away from credit card bills. The largest U.S. savings and loan didn't count on a housing recession. The new bankruptcy laws are helping drive foreclosures to a record as homeowners default on mortgages and struggle to pay credit card debts that might have been wiped out under the old code, said Jay Westbrook, a professor of business law at the University of Texas Law School in Austin and a former adviser to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. "Be careful what you wish for,'' Westbrook said. "They wanted to make sure that people kept paying their credit cards, and what they're getting is more foreclosures"."
Also, I wonder how much the increasing Japanese yen will unwind the carry trade, which is been a major source of cheap finance for speculation.
economic imbalances
Look at the comparison between changes in household debt and the current account balance. I hope that Peter will throw some more light on this relationship. An eminent retired blogger whom may of you appreciate formatted this graph for me.
http://www.un.org/esa/policy/policybriefs/policybrief4.pdf
Saturday, November 10, 2007
Rubin’s Fallacy and the Paradox of Thrift
When I choose my blog pseudo-name – PGL or ProGrowthLiberal – Angrybear suggested I was a Rubinesque Bear, that is, a believer that fiscal restraint could promote long-term growth through higher national savings. I hate to say this but Paul Krugman had to give a stern lecture to Robert Rubin over the simple issue of transmission mechanisms. Before we get to the details of international macroeconomics, let’s do an analogy drawn from the paradox of thrift.
Classical economists used to have faith that a rise in national savings would automatically lower real interest rates enough to increase investment demand such that the economy would stay at full employment. Keynes noted that sticky prices – or a decision by the Central Bank to peg interest rates – could frustrate this transmission mechanism, which would mean that the rise in the savings schedule could lead to a recession, which would result in less investment and savings. Without further ado, let’s turn the microphone over to Paul by first noting Rubin’s fallacy:
You could have had surpluses that affected the savings rate and would have helped the trade balance. I think you would have had more confidence in the policy framework and you would have had a better dollar,” he says regretfully. He pauses to reflect. “But we are where we are.”
Paul harkens to the doctrine of immaculate transfer noted by John Williamson as Paul notes that accounting identities do not induce expenditure-switching unless they are accompanied by changes in the real exchange rate. Paul also notes that a fall in national savings could lead to fewer imports if it means a recession. But aren’t we trying to avoid a recession as we find means of encouraging more investment and net exports? If so, we should be hoping for lower real interest rates and a real devaluation of the dollar.
Could Obesity Lead to a Longer Life Expectancy?
Greg Mankiw reproduces a table from the Carpe Diem blog that shows a series called “standardized life expectancy” noting that the U.S. leads in this constructed figure. Greg writes:
I have not studied the details behind the construction of these numbers, but they are asking a sensible question … Given how overweight we Americans are compared with citizens of other countries, it is amazing that we live as long as we do.
Why this might be misleading is explained after the jump.
OK, Greg is likely correct in his assertion that obesity – along with homicide and accidents – tend to lower life expectancy as traditionally measured but notice that his previous post asserted that higher spending should lead to better health outcomes. Let’s turn to Carpe Diem’s source, which was a PowerPoint presentation by Robert Ohsfeldt and John Schneider, which discusses health care reform by starting with a bullet point entitled “Dimensions of underperformance”. The sub-bullets are excessive spending, poor health outcomes, and inadequate access to care. Slide 6 notes that the US spends twice as much per capita as nations such as Canada, France, Germany, and the UK. The authors do, however, note that one would expect at least a little higher spending per capita given the fact that the U.S. has higher income per capita. The authors also provide a lot of evidence on the quality of health care debate as well as how many Americans go uninsured.
The contributions to this debate made by Ohsfeldt and Schneider appear to go well beyond the standardized life expectancy comparison that Mark Perry (Carpe Diem) and Greg have emphasized. I for one would love to study the details of their research more closely. But for now, let me rephrase Greg’s query as follows:
Given our much we Americans spend on health care compared with citizens of other countries, it is amazing that we don’t live longer.
Back to School on Exchange Rates
Menzie Chinn has done us all a service with his review of recent exchange rate theory, which I also skimmed in this. I was particularly intrigued by his reference to Frydman and Goldberg’s “Imperfect Knowledge Economics” approach. I read their article but not their book, and at the risk of thereby embarrassing myself offer these thoughts.
1. F&G are certainly right that a single model should not be expected to explain xrate movements over long periods of time because the market determinants are changing. This fits to a Kuhnian view: there are periods of “normal” trading, where movements respond predictably to economic news, and paradigm shifts—discontinuities in trading behavior.
2. PPP is a weak attractor at best. This is because the vast majority of transactions in international markets concern stocks, not flows. Forex markets are more like stamp or coin markets than markets in toothpaste, but PPP is based on the toothpaste template. Self-fulfilling prophecies can persist until the effects of currency misalignment are so disruptive that macro events force a correction; arbitrage doesn’t regulate. Any intermediate xrate would appear to be a statistical attractor due to mean reversion; is there any evidence that PPP outperforms other values in that respect?
3. F&G frame their argument in terms of forecasting, which on a practical level is certainly the test. The larger question, however, is whether their approach, or any of the alternatives, is consistent with the role assigned to xrates in micro models of international trade. This was the issue I raised in Challenge. The general answer, I still think, is that they don’t. F&G in particular present a view that, in theory, cannot be reconciled with strict comparative advantage. If a shifting bundle of macro fundamentals determine xrates, and if their weights change from one period to the next, how then can international prices be relied on to settle at levels that balance trade at the margin?
F&G end with the habitual sop toward trade orthodoxy, continuing the Hayekian tradition of deep insight into the process of markets combined with an inability or unwillingness to see that the normative view of markets has been eviscerated.
Oh...My....God: Business and the Bard
Today's Times Business section has an article called "Lessons in Shakespeare, From Stage to Boardroom" that I recommend heartily: one of the funniest things I've read in ages - albeit unintentionally so. A few gems follow under the fold:
Remember Ken Adelman ( one of founders, if I'm not mistaken, of that pack of jackals we've since come to know and love as the neo-CONS) : he and his wife, Carol, "have been dressing managers in Elizabethan costumes since the 1990's. Senior executives have been increasingly joining the classes and re-enacting the speech in which Henry V urges his 'band of brothers' to fight to the death."
Then we have Stephen Coleman, of Shakespeare & Company, "who said he noticed the chief executives in a recent audience grow pale as he played the role of Hamlet confronted by the ghost of his father. 'The ghost demands, if you love me, you will avenge my murder.' The CEO's told him, Mr Coleman said, 'This is the dilemma we face: what is our responsibility to shareholders, to employees, to clients.'" Say what? You can't make this stuff up. Finally we have one James Fugitte, CEO of Wind Energy Corporation, who finds inspiration in Falstaff: "It's a Falstaffian world. When I began my career, there was a scarcity of capital. Now there's an abundance of capital. Falstaff, he added, c'est moi." Oh. Fellas, make the friggin' widgets and leave Shakespeare out of it.
On second thought, this isn't funny: this is terrifying. Where is S. J. Perelman whne you need him?
Friday, November 9, 2007
Revised Introduction: The Invisible Handcuffs
I very much appreciated the comments from my first posting of the introduction. Please indulge me for posting another version. I have changed it radically, especially after the first paragaphs. Any more comments would be appreciated:
The Invisible Handcuffs of Capitalism:
How Market Control Undermines the Economy by Stunting Workers
Setting the Stage
The Invisible Handcuffs makes the case that the modern economy has matured to the point where markets do not and cannot harness anything near the full productive potential of society; and even more seriously, that markets significantly undermine economic performance. Even though purely monetary incentives may appear to work effectively when one takes a narrow view of their operation, from a larger perspective, the invisible hand turns out to be akin to invisible handcuffs for the economy, as well as for society as a whole.
Other books address the cultural, social, and ethical shortcomings of markets. But The Invisible Handcuffs is unique because it will emphasize the way that markets affect people in their lives as workers in contrast to the usual perspective that judges an economy by how well it serves people as consumers.
Certainly, the current U.S. economy falls short on a maddening array of counts. Here is the most powerful economy in the world, yet it seems powerless to meet the most pressing needs of society. The list of pervasive problems includes excessive poverty, inadequate health care, environmental damage, pervasive toxins, just to name a few. Although the United States policymakers pay insufficient attention to such problems in order to nurture the market, the relative economic strength of its economy still seems to be eroding.
The contradictory nature of the U.S. economy raises a host of relatively obvious consumer oriented questions: Surely, an economy with a communication system that would have been unimaginable only a few years earlier should be able to foster a sense of community or at least create a satisfying culture. Why has a widening circle of poverty begun to engulf more and more people, even after the pace of technological change began to accelerate in the late twentieth century?
Although the majority of the population may have access to considerable material goods, the current economic system fails miserably in creating a satisfying quality of life. For example, social scientists have found that happiness in the United States has not increased since the 1950s, despite enormous economic growth (Layard 2005, p. 29).
This book will argue that the producer oriented perspective suggests promising answers to such problems. For example, a major cause of the lack of satisfaction is an inattention to the quality of people's working lives. Most of all, The Invisible Handcuffs emphasizes that even though the rationale of the market system is to create an efficient economy, market control undermines the economy by stunting workers and ignoring their potential.
The stakes are far higher than just the ability to supply consumers with more commodities the purported purpose of the economy. At a time when the world faces difficult threats, such as global warming and scarcity of vital materials including water and petroleum society cannot afford to waste a resource as valuable as human potential. In this sense, the importance of looking at the economy from the perspective of workers becomes undeniable.
Overview
The first chapter begins with the theological defense of markets, by people as far apart in time and in stature as Edmund Burke and George W. Bush. According to such people market relations ensure not only efficiency, but higher qualities, such as freedom and justice. Questioning markets become akin to blasphemy. The Invisible Handcuffs suggests that a more appropriate theology of markets might come from Greek mythology in particular, the legend of the sadistic Procrustus, whose story is introduced in this chapter.
The second chapter introduces the subject of labor, both direct discipline in the workplace and macroeconomic discipline by creating unemployment, what Alan Greenspan referred to as the traumatization of labor. Ironically, policy makers pretend that all other objectives whether higher wages, better working conditions, environmental protections, or the quality of life must give way to the creation of jobs, at the same time as the maintenance of unemployment is necessary to sustain labor discipline. The two concluding sections of the chapter offer quantitative estimates of some of the human and economic costs of labor discipline and a brief discussion of the path that led economists to adopt the narrow perspective that makes them uncritical of the present form of labor discipline.
The third chapter turns to the motives for why economic theory pays no attention to working conditions. Instead, work becomes nothing more than the absence of leisure. In addition, relations between workers disappear from consideration in economic theory. Perhaps, the greatest defect of all is the reduction of workers into a factor of production, comparable to coal or steel.
Even when economists treat workers' skills, they do so by conceptualizing abilities as "human capital." This perspective is especially destructive because it blocks economists (and those whose vision is shaped by economists) from seeing people as anything more than a commodity.
The fourth chapter discusses what policy based on the narrow market perspective means for everyday life, including the amount of time that jobs consume as well as the extension of controls on people's behavior outside of the workplace. At the same time, these controls interfere with people's opportunity to improve their own capacities.
The fifth chapter briefly extends the subjects treated earlier to the international economy.
The sixth chapter puts the subject in historical perspective by looking back at the economic perspective bequeathed by Adam Smith. The chapter emphasizes Smith as a harsh disciplinarian. It shows how Smith eliminated any discussion of modern industry in order to allow him to offer a vision of freedom and liberty.
Smith realized that the harmonious society he advocated depended upon a prior coercion of labor to accept the discipline of the workplace. At that time, violent measures were often required to leave people with no option but to accept the new conditions of wage labor. Even after people became corralled into wage labor, Smith realized that controls had to go deeper into people's lives, including state regulation of religion. In short, for all his positive rhetoric about freedom, Smith's concern was to control people in order to make them obedient workers.
The seventh chapter analyzes the consequences of Smith's work. It describes how later economists simplified Smith's writings and removed its uncomfortable ideological implications. The result was an effective, but unrealistic, propagandistic shell.
The eighth chapter looks at the concept of the Gross Domestic Product, a seemingly straightforward measure of the success of an economy. The chapter reviews the evolution of this highly political concept, showing how, just like with Adam Smith's theory, the Gross Domestic Product focused on convenient matters that put the market in the best possible light.
The chapter ends by contrasting the Gross Domestic Product with the results of a recent field of "happiness studies," in which social scientists, including economists, recognize the disconnect between the Gross Domestic Product and a satisfying quality of life.
Chapter 9 surveys some of the innumerable ways in which capitalism even fails in its narrowly conceived objective of increasing the Gross Domestic Product. In keeping with the theme of this book, this chapter only looks at ways in which the control of labor is self defeating. For example, unwieldy bureaucracies driven by purely financial motives are incapable of efficiently organizing and inspiring people.
These shortcomings fall into two classes. In the first one, efforts to control labor are wasteful, even though they seem necessary given the present capitalist system. The more interesting second class emphasizes the way that the present this organization of production stunts workers potential.
The final chapter offers some hints about the future possibilities of people working together to create a better life.
Iran-Iraq Oil Pipeline: So much for Iraqi anti-Iran effort!
Today, http://www.iraqoilreport.com reports that groundbreaking has taken place on an oil pipeline from Iraq to Iran. Crude will be shipped there to be refined. Another pipeline is being planned to ship refined products back to Iraq. So much for Bush's effort to get the Iraqis on board with an anti-Iran war effort!
Nihilism, continued
This is the gist of what was lost from the previous post. The Friedman/Cowen story has the liberal tourists keeping the price above the equilibrium price with their do-gooding, as if they were governments imposing price supports. But they aren't governments imposing price supports. Nevertheless, the market adjusts, via seller's waiting times, so that the disequilibrium price becomes an equilibrium - given the time spent waiting for a sale, the quantity supplied will equal quantity demanded - but the resulting "equilibrium" features enormous waste.
Here is the implicit nihilism. Imagine a market like this. Trading begins at noon. At a given price, sellers and buyers converge at mid-day. If there are more sellers than buyers, then tomorrow sellers arrive earlier - and in fewer numbers, since the net price - net of the opportunity cost of the time lost waiting for the market to open- is lower. If there is still excess supply, waiting times grow, fewer sellers come. Finally we get an equilibrium with the appropriate waiting time - quantity demanded will equal quantity supplied - given the wait - and so there are no forces acting to change either waiting time or price. It's a lousy and inefficient equilibrium, but an equilibrium just the same. And nothing in the standard theory rules out such an equilibrium. Any price can be an equilibrium, with the appropriate waiting time on the part of either buyers or sellers. The textbooks implicitly imagine an auctioneer - the famous Walrasian one- who refuses to allow trade at any prices other than the unique price that gives an equilibrium with no waiting time. There is no such figure - not only does he have no clothes, he is a fiction! Anything can happen. "Market forces", with no help from the dead hand of the interfering state, needn't give us a waste-free equilibrium. All we need is a little bit of price rigidity and the endogenous adjustment of waiting times.
Stepping In It, or the Market Nihilism of Libertarian Economics
Brad Delong reviews the glut of Freakonomics-style books here:
http://chronicle.com/temp/reprint.php?id=ldhnqhyg1grv71j1t99yfvp04t0csw1c
He likes Tyler Cowen's Discovering Your Inner Economist. He cites a passage where Cowen claims that "liberal" foreign tourists who insist on paying high prices to the poor for services don't actually help them. From what I can make out from Delong's account ( I haven't read Cowen's book), it is a rent-dissipation argument. Lots of people line up to get the high prices the tourists are paying; the difference between the price and opportunity cost at the less-than-optimal quantity of services offered becomes the opportunity cost of waiting for the "big score-" a pure deadweight loss - a cost to the sellers that is a benefit for no one. I may be putting words into Cowen's mouth from David Friedman, who has a similar argument, centered on rickshaw drivers in Hong Kong and generous Western tourists, in his Hidden order - an older book also mentioned in Delong's review. Silly liberal Do-gooders. Being altruistic is being selfish! Being selfish is being good! It's so nice when the expedient (offer the lowest price you can get away with) coincides with what is right!
But think about what's going on here. The tourists' behaviour is keeping the price above its equilibrium price - just like a government-enforced minimum wage would do. The ensuing waiting time then makes what was a disequilibrium price an equilibrium after all - but a wasteful equilibrium. The price the tourists offer just compensates the seller for his opportunity cost plus the lost time waiting for a sale. But the tourists, nota bene, are not a government! Where are the famous "market forces" here? In their eagerness to score one off liberals, Friedman and, it appears, Cowen, have exposed a dirty little secret of free-market economics, that it has nothing to say about disequilibrium. Think of a market like this: Trading begins at noon. Given a price, sellers and buyers appear at noon. If more sellers appear than buyers, then tomorrow sellers will arrive earlier than noon - but fewer sellers than yesterday since the price, net of the opportunity cost of lost time waiting, is lower than yesterday. If there are still more sellers than buyers, they arrive even earlier (but in even fewer numbers) tomorrow. We have an equilibrium when the opportunity cost of the time spent waiting for the market to open equals the difference between the price and the opportunity cost proper. Then the number of sellers equals the number of buyers and there is nothing causing the waiting time - or the price- to change. And we have big deadweight losses. And there is no dead hand of the state to pin the blame on. Any price, under these dynamics, can be an equilibrium - coupled with the appropriate waiting time for either buyers or sellers. What would rule this out? What rules it out in the textbooks is the implicit assumption of the famous Walrasian auctioneer who refuses to allow trading to take place at "false" prices - prices other than that one where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded with zero waiting time on the part of either buyers or sellers. But there is, alas, no auctioneer. Anything can happen!
WHACK-A-MOLE 101 REVISITED
by the Sandwichman
"There’s an arcade game called Whack-a-Mole in which a plastic mole pops up and you pound its head with a mallet. The lump-of-labor fallacy is the Whack-a-Mole of arguments about jobs. As often as you slam it, it reappears somewhere else." -- Timothy Taylor
It has taken three years but the Sandwichman's rebuttal to Timothy Taylor -- originally posted to MaxSpeak in the fall of 2004 -- is now published in the September issue of the Review of Social Economy: "Why Economists Dislike a Lump of Labor".
Thursday, November 8, 2007
Very flattering review of The Confiscation of American Prosperity
Instability Inc.
The Confiscation of American Prosperity: From Right-Wing Extremism and Economic Ideology to the Next Great Depression
Michael Perelman
Palgrave Macmillan
By Seth Sandronsky
Can a recent history of the U.S. economy read a bit like a crime story? Yes, in the hands of Michael Perelman, an author and economics professor at CSU Chico.
His new book, The Confiscation of American Prosperity, is a timely arrival this fall. The housing bubble is shrinking and harming many, and the author’s analysis puts such current affairs into a sane context. Perelman writes that the early 1970s was the end of the “Golden Age” of post-World War II prosperity. Corporate America’s rate of profits slumped in the late 1960s due to German and Japanese rivals grabbing market shares and profits. How to try and get it back? Politicians and think tanks united to weaken corporate regulation and taxation. And the two political parties targeted New Deal and Great Society policies, which protected the American people from the market economy.
What followed was a sea change for the nation’s majority. Perelman focuses on how this happened, who led the charge and to what ends.
The author details how a small but strong minority of Americans hoarded the bulk of growth from the sweat of a diverse labor force. As the nation’s gross domestic product tripled from 1970 to 2003, the “top 13,000 tax-paying households ... saw its wages and salaries increase fifteen-fold.” Meanwhile, for the bottom 99 percent of Americans, average income remained basically unchanged between 1970 ($36,008) and 2004 ($37,295). Perelman surveys a wide variety of sources, defining his and their concepts and terms. The author’s prose is jargon-free. That may startle some readers used to opaque English from economists such as Alan Greenspan, former head of the nation’s central bank.
Wednesday, November 7, 2007
Dems overcome anti-illegal immigrant frenzy in Virginia
In yesterday's election, the Democrats won back control after over a decade of the State Senate by gaining four seats, mostly in tending-Dem Northern Virginia. It was close, and the Republican effort to save themselves came to a head in Prince William County, where the local Board of Supervisors has enacted a draconian law to go after illegal immigrants, worst in the nation. This was the new Republican red meat issue, scaring people in the Tsongas race in Mass., and embarrassing Hillary Clinton in the last Dem debate. In any case, here in Virginia, in the end it did not save the bacon for the GOP. (They still hold the House of Delegates, but Dems gained about 4 seats there also.)
Tuesday, November 6, 2007
Gisele Bündchen and Exchange Rates
I don’t think anyone would question whether Gisele Bündchen is simply breathtakingly beautiful. Well it seems BBC thinks she has particular views about the value of the dollar versus the value of the Euro:The world's richest model has reportedly reacted in her own way to the sliding value of the US dollar - by refusing to be paid in the currency. Gisele Bündchen is said to be keen to avoid the US currency because of uncertainty over its strength. The Brazilian, thought to have earned about $30m in the year to June, prefers to be paid in euros, her sister and manager told the Bloomberg news agency.
CNBC notes, however, the BBC may have gotten the story wrong:CNBC Squawk Box producer Stephanie Landsman spoke by telephone with Anne Nelson, Bundchen's manager. Nelson tells us reports that Gisele wants to be paid in euros are "false." Nelson's take: "Some idiot in Brazil reported something just to make news." Nelson points out that Gisele lives in New York City, and thus needs U.S. dollars for her big-city lifestyle. Of course, anyone who disagrees with Warren Buffett's investment wisdom does so at their own risk. But we have to think Gisele gets enough U.S. dollars that she can absorb any potential weakness against the Euro and avoid giving the unfortunate impression that she is negative about the United States in any way.
Even if Ms. Bundchen was as bearish against the dollar as Mr. Buffet, she could let Proctor & Gamble pay her in dollars, consume what she wants in NYC, and for any funds left over – convert those into Euros in a very efficient capital market. Sure – there’d be some transaction costs but with an annual salary of $30 million per year, she’s already playing in the big leagues where transactions costs represent a very small fraction of the volume traded.
Price Discrimination 101
My fellow bloggers seem to have the big picture in focus. Here's something a little smaller. In my Principles class, I have students read this clever Slate article on price discrimination, "The mystery of the rude waiter," by Tim Harford.
http://www.slate.com/id/2134489/
He suggests that a restaurant may deliberately employ a rude waiter in the bar, in order to discriminate, charging a high price in the dining room and a lower price in the bar for the same food. The rude waiter keeps the high rollers in the dining room - it's the hurdle that the low willingness-to-pay customers jump to get the lower price.
Here are some numbers that I use to illustrate Harford's point. Suppose there are two potential customers, rich and poor. The rich person will pay up to $24 for a meal with decent service, but only $11 for a meal served badly. The numbers for the poor person are $10 and $9, respectively. The cost of a meal is $5. The differential in each case is the Willingness-to-Pay for good service, which is higher for the rich than for the poor. Without the rude waiter, the seller would charge $24, sell to the rich only, and make profits of $19 (this beats the $10 profit he could make serving both at a price of $10). With the rude waiter, he will set the price in the bar at $9 and the price in the dining room at a little less than $22. The rich person then chooses the dining room, getting consumer surplus of a little bit more than $2 ($24 minus a little bit less than $22), as opposed to the $2 surplus ($11 -$9) he would get eating in the bar. The seller's profits are then $31 - $10 = $21.
Harford then discusses price discrimination through quality degradation generally (where the lower quality version of the good is the high quality version with resources spent to degrade it!). Do these possibilities worry Tim? Not a bit of it. In good "real is rational / what me worry?" fashion he asks "what are the alternatives?": the crux is that without price discrimination, the seller "could have passed up the opportunity to serve low-end customers altogether. That would have been no better."
Yes. Well, I chose numbers where that is true, but it needn't be. In my example, change the rich person's willingness to pay to $14. Now, if unable to discriminate, the seller does best to sell to both at $10 each, earning profits of $10. The discriminatory price scheme would set the bar price at $9 as before, and the dining room price at a bit less than $12, thus giving profits of (a bit less than) $11. Compared to the no-discrimination outcome, net benefits are obviously lower, since total value drops by $1 due to the degradation, while costs are identical. If the degradation costs something (and the seller would be willing to spend up to the $1 increase in profits to degrade if necessary) - say the waiter must get extra compensation to make up for the disutility of being mean-the efficiency loss is even greater. Funny how this second possibility gets overlooked. Dr. Pangloss, call your office!
Monday, November 5, 2007
Save Labor Studies at University of Missouri, Kansas City
PETITION TO RESTORE FULL FUNDING FOR THE INSTITUTE FOR LABOR STUDIES (ILS) AT UMKC
TO: Guy Bailey, Chancellor UMKC
Karen Vorst, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences UMKC
SPONSORED BY: UMKC chapter of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP)
BACKGROUND: Although ILS was given a short reprieve, it is still slated for termination. Please sign the petition to insure it has a future.
The current civilian labor force in the United States numbers over 153,000,000 people. Labor studies is the only academic discipline that focuses on the conditions and needs of that workforce and the history of working people.
In the summer of 2007 UMKC announced it was closing the Institute for Labor Studies by defunding it. ILS is the only labor education program between Columbia, MO and Albuquerque, NM. ILS provides crucial services to our community and educates working people about their rights, for example, through credit and non-credit courses, conferences, and the weekly radio show, Heartland Labor Forum, on Community Radio KKFI 90.1 FM.
We the undersigned, recognizing the value of labor education, particularly at a time of outsourcing and continuing attacks on unions and our standard of living, strongly urge UMKC to restore full funding for the Institute of Labor Studies.
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TO SIGN THIS PETITION:
1) Above or below the petition, type in:
a) your name
b) your Academic/Organizational Affiliation (if any)
c) your city and state.
2) Click on "Reply" to this e-mail (send to e4dnetwork@gmail.com)
PLEASE DISTRIBUTE WIDELY TO OTHER PEOPLE AND YOUR NETWORKS.
Many thanks to all those who wrote the Chancellor in response to our earlier appeal. And many thanks in advance for your help with this petition.
Patricia Brodsky
David Brodsky
Strike-Bike Stricken
On November 1, Strike-Bike was locked out. The Nordhausen factory had been occupied by its workers since July 10, producing over 1800 bicycles. (You could order them in any color you want as long as it was red.) Now the court has taken over and the future of the operation is in doubt.
It’s always good when workers take an initiative, but the long term prospects were hardly rosy. This is one more instance in which a worker takeover occurred in response to the failure of capitalist owners, “lemon self-management” so to speak. There was self-exploitation as well: workers paid themselves just 10 euros an hour in their last-ditch attempt to keep the business going.
For a real test of self-organized production there has to be a level playing field: profits to be had by both owners and workers. And the goal would not be (only) to stave off insolvency, but to transform products and production methods for a better world.
Iran Saber Rattling and Oil Prices
Steve Mufson talks to various market participants about the rise in oil prices. The views of one trader and an economist after the jump."It would be silly if we waited until things were not available," said a veteran energy trader at a U.S. hedge fund, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to protect his business relationships. He said traders have become convinced that military conflict between the United States and Iran is inevitable. He added, "People react to perceptions of what will happen. That's not idle speculation."
Menzie Chinn provides some analysis and offers this thought:Of course, if one believes these threats are necessary, then the higher oil price is the price of pursuing our foreign policy. If one believes that Iran's acquisition of nuclear weapons is off by many years, then the pursuit of this diplomacy via threats is a costly diversion. Or it's even counterproductive. Indeed, with each dollar's increase in the price of a barrel of oil, an additional $3.7 billion is transferred (on an annualized basis) to the oil exporting countries (including Iran, Russia, Venezeula, Saudi Arabia, the Gulf States).
Menzie has a point – but let me suggest that this is the price of a really bad foreign policy.
Sunday, November 4, 2007
How Capitalism Works
The David H. Brooks story hits on all the high notes of capitalist excess: taking advantage of investors, selling the Pentagon defective goods, an ostentatious life style, and perhaps even more.
Kessler, Robert E. 2007. "Former LI military Contractor Is Busted for Living Lavishly with Cash from Investors and Company, Feds Say." Newsday (26 October): p. A 7.
“The former head of the Long Island company that provided most of the body armor for U.S. soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan was arrested at dawn yesterday in a Manhattan apartment by FBI and IRS agents on charges of looting the company and investors of nearly $200 million to pay for a lavish lifestyle. That included supporting a stable of trotting horses; a face-lift for his wife; a diamond, ruby and sapphire-encrusted belt buckle in the shape of a U.S. flag; and an $8-million bat mitzvah for his daughter, which featured music stars including 50 Cent and Kenny G, according to Benton Campbell, the U.S. attorney for the eastern district.”
“Brooks allegedly made the huge stock option gain in 2004 by selling shares in the company shortly after he said he had no intention of selling the stock and shortly before the stock plunged because of reports about the quality of its body armor, the indictment said.”
“Brooks pleaded not guilty at arraignment in U.S. District Court in Central Islip and was held without bail by U.S. District Court Judge Joanna Seybert, pending a hearing Monday. Seybert acted after prosecutor Martin said that in the past year Brooks had purchased a single diamond worth $10 million, unspecified millions in gold and had surreptitiously moved $22 million to banks in Switzerland and Senegal. The United States does not have an extradition treaty with Senegal, Martin said.”
Brooks has a history of controversy: In 1992, Brooks and his brother, Jeffrey, are investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission for insider trading scandal within Jeffrey Brooks’ small brokerage. The firm agrees to pay a $405,000 fine without admitting wrongdoing. In 2005, the company recalls all vests containing Zylon because of concerns over how quickly the fiber degrades. In 2006, DHB’s subsidiaries settle nationwide class-action suits over those vests.
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O’Brien, Timothy L. 2006. “All’s Not Quiet on the Military Supply Front.” New York Times (22 January).
“DHB might have remained anonymous if not for a spate of recent events. The quality and adequacy of vests supplied to soldiers in Iraq has come into question over the last year, culminating in a Pentagon study, first reported by The New York Times this month, that said that 80 percent of the Marines who died in Iraq from upper-body wounds might have survived if they had had body armor covering more of their torsos. (It was the military, and not manufacturers, that determined the specifications for the vests DHB supplied the Marines, said DHB).”
“The Marines and the Army recalled about 23,000 Point Blank vests from the field last year after The Marine Corps Times reported that the Marines acquired the vests despite warnings from Army personnel that the vests had what the newspaper described as “critical, life-threatening flaws.” The Marine Corps issued a statement in November saying that there was “no evidence to suggest that soldiers or Marines have been at risk, or that these vests will not protect against the threat they were designed to defeat”.”
ONE OH SEVEN
by the Sandwichman
Following up on PGL's two Brads posting, Sandwichman notes the following from de Long:
"As long as imbalances of world trade and capital flows unwind slowly and smoothly, the magnitude of any global economic distress should be relatively small."
My question -- relatively speaking -- would be: "relatively small" compared to what planet? 
As the chart above indicates, the US Dollar has already been unwinding slowly and smoothly against the Euro and the Loony for quite some time. For the most part, increases in US stock market indexes have only been nominal, in terms of the steadily depreciating US Dollar.
From Sandwichman's Loony perspective, the USD has been a Potemkin currency for the last five years. The only thing MASKING what otherwise would have manifested as the economic distress of the past five years has been the bubblicious infusion of easy credit. If "nothing happens" -- that is if "imbalances of world trade and capital flows unwind slowly and smoothly" those deferred chickens are comin' home to roost. This would not be a "new" global economic distress but only the realisation of a distress that has been there all along.
There's no such thing as an unassisted smooth landing -- "unwinding" will not do the trick, no matter how lovingly slow and smooth. It will require some form of massive intervention to forestall or mitigate global economic distress. The only questions are: what's left? and will it work?
The Two Brads on the Overvalued Yuan
A few months ago, Brad Setser noted the lack of real appreciation of the yuan on an overall basis despite rising Chinese inflation. Today, Brad DeLong discusses the implications. Under two scenarios - both concerning China - the unwinding of global imbalances could cause regional if not global depression. In the first scenario, China keeps up its attempt to maintain full employment in Shanghai, Guangzhou, and elsewhere not by stimulating domestic demand but by trying to boost exports further by keeping the yuan stable against the dollar and falling in value against the euro. The effort to maintain the dollar-yuan exchange rate at a level approved by China's State Council has already led to an enormous increase in the Chinese economy's financial liquidity. The consequences of this are now manifested in property and stock market inflation, but not yet in rampant and uncontrolled consumer price inflation - at least for now. But if China does not accelerate the yuan's revaluation, the world might see a large burst of consumer inflation in China in the next two or three years.
Which means China should let the yuan appreciate and maintain full employment by stimulating domestic demand. But I interrupted Brad:The second scenario is more dangerous for the entire world. In this scenario, once again China continues to attempt to maintain full employment by keeping the yuan undervalued. But this time, the Chinese government manages to restrain domestic inflation, so the US' trade deficit with Asia stops falling and starts rising again.
Which has basically been the Chinese approach to date. Again – it would seem a change in Chinese macroeconomic policy with more domestic demand expansion and less emphasis on net export demand is in order. The two Brads appear to be strongly arguing that the yuan revaluation should accelerate.
Saturday, November 3, 2007
Social Security: Ramesh Ponnuru Makes a Bid For Stupidest Man Alive
Some of us on the left sometimes argue that Ramesh Ponnuru is a reasonable rightie who has the foolishness to write for the National Review. Corner comments from Ponnuru prove us all wrong.
His first post claims Noam Scheiber and Josh Marshall do not wish to save Social Security. Of course, anyone with an IQ above the teens would realize that Josh and Noam are mocking the there is no Trust Fund canard. Ponnuru is not stupid so I suspect he has gone for sheer dishonesty as in his second posts:The argument ignores the generational point: We're talking about different people. If you want to take money back from the affluent people who got supposedly unfair income-tax cuts in the 1980s, raising taxes on high earners from 2009 on isn't the way to do it.
Wait a second here. I’ve been paying those higher payroll taxes since I was 28 years old but now I’m only 52 years old. Guess what? I’m not retired. Nor are many of the other folks who benefited from the Reagan tax cuts. Ponnuru also leaves out the fact that we did see our tax rates go up in the 1990’s with the current General Fund mess being created by tax “cuts” (more like deferrals) that we passed just a few years ago. We might also remember that rich old people leave estates for their kids who become rich young people – especially with the Estate Tax on its way out.
His third “contribution” was an attack on Robert Ball:So even if people get checks that keep up with inflation and wage growth and get them just as long as they used to - because the age of eligibility goes up but so do lifespans - it's still a "cut," unless total Social Security spending goes up to cover inflation, wage growth, and rising longevity.
The 1983 Social Security reforms were predicated on the premise that real wages and life spans would inch up over time. As far as I can tell, we have not had an unexpected increase in life spans. We have had faster productivity growth that was expected but that makes the system more solvent not less.
Friday, November 2, 2007
The CAT* is out of the Bag
*That’s Carbon Adjustment Tariff to you. It’s coming, probably, and here are some ideas for what form it should take.
The basic idea is simple: any country that gets serious about controlling carbon emissions will raise the price of the stuff, directly or indirectly. Because carbon inputs are important in many other goods and services, they will raise those prices too. If some countries take action on climate change and others don’t this will lead to distortions in global markets. Otherwise well-meaning governments might refrain from action, fearing the competitive effects. If the elasticities are particularly unfavorable, it is even possible that stringent regulation in one country could lead to an exodus of industry to places where carbon burns freely, resulting in an overall increase in global emissions.
So put a tariff on goods to offset price differences attributable to different carbon regimes. There isn’t an accepted name for the idea yet, so let’s call it a carbon adjustment tariff. The idea can be found in Warner-Lieberman and has been broached by heads of state in Paris and Berlin. It is difficult to see how individual countries can take the lead without it.
Good ideas can have bad consequences unless they are thought through, however. Here are three principles that ought to govern a CAT you could love.
1. A tariff schedule should be insulated as far as possible from self-interested manipulation. In a better world it would be the product of a representative and accountable global agency. In the shabby one we live in it should at least be the joint product of a subset of countries, rich and developing, that are willing to take some initiative.
2. All the money collected under such a tariff—repeat, all the money—should be returned in some fashion to the countries of origin, to finance green investment. Yes, I know a lot of this cash will be misspent, but it would be misspent in the collecting country too. The CAT must not become another means to suck scarce resources from South to North.
3. Some or all of the revenues should be held in escrow, pending the agreement of the trading partner to enter a “contract and converge” system under which it will approach a common per capita carbon emissions target. This money can sweeten a deal that should be made on its own merits.
It bears repeating: policies to forestall global warming are not only environmental policies. If they take their job seriously, they will have profound effects on national and global economies. They should be designed to be economically progressive and sustainable.
The Mixed Labor Market Report
Update: Lawrence Kudlow did comment on the BLS report and guess what? He’s adopted the Secretary Snow standard – the most reliable indicator of employment growth is the survey that gives the larger number for the month just reported. Kudlow can always be counted on if you’re looking for serial dishonesty.
**************
Over at Angrybear this morning, I noted the good news from the payroll survey (job growth = 166,000) was accompanied by bad news if you follow the household survey (job loss = 250,000). I ended with:
The employment to population ratio fell from 62.9% in September to 62.7% in October as the household survey recorded an employment decline of 250,000. The labor force participation rate also feel from 66% in September to 65.9% in October. Remember a few years ago when the National Review cheerleaders kept telling us how the household survey was the better measure of the labor market? Betcha they are not saying that today.
So what has Lawrence “the household survey is the best indicator” Kudlow saying these days?
While there wasn’t much today from the Corner Kids, Kudlow had plenty to say yesterday:
Real gross domestic product, the best summary report of the American economy, came in at a breathtaking 3.9 percent annual rate for the third quarter. In fact, following the 3.8 percent growth rate for the second quarter, the U.S. economy has posted its strongest quarterly growth in four years ... Even employment is holding its own. According to Automatic Data Processing’s private employment survey, which showed its strongest gain in four months, October looks like it will produce about 125,000 new jobs.
Not bad for the last two quarters but if one looks over the past six quarters, cumulative real GDP growth has been only 3.5% or 2.3% per year. Employment is holding its own? Let’s diagram the employment to population ratio from October 2006 to October 2007. It seems Larry’s favorite measure of employment is not keeping up with population growth after all.
Winner of the Title Contest
Based on Tom Geraghty's suggestion, the new title will be
The Invisible Handcuffs of Capitalism: How Market Control Stunts Workers and Undermines the Economy
Thank you Tom and Frank Rich. Let me know your address & you can be one of the first to get a copy.
Thursday, November 1, 2007
Citigroup as a Bellwether
The New York Times reports on the sell-off today: "The sell-off began after Citigroup, the world’s biggest bank, was hit with a downgraded rating from an influential analyst group, which recommended the bank cut its stock dividends to raise funds. Citigroup wrote down $5.9 billion in assets in the third quarter after losses stemming from mortgage-backed securities and bad bets on asset backed commercial paper. The bank is considered a bellwether of the financial sector, which has faced a battery of poor earnings reports and credit troubles."
Citibank rang the bell earlier. Here is an extract from my new unpublished book that I discussed yesterday:
Citibank had been intent on "selling" -- many used the more accurate, term "pushing" (see Darity and Horn 1988) -- as much credit as possible to Latin America, so much so that Citibank had been getting nearly 50 percent of its revenue from its loans to Latin America.
The bank made these loans without much thought about the ability of Latin America to repay them or without putting adequate reserves aside to cover potential defaults. As a result, the company became deeply enmeshed in the Latin American debt crisis. By 1991, some Citicorp debt had been reduced to junk bond status. Public figures, as diverse as Representative John Dingell and Ross Perot, described Citibank as insolvent (Zweig 1995, p. 867 and 872).
Matters became so dire that the president of the New York branch of the Federal Reserve Bank had to fly to Saudi Arabia to arrange for Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Alsaud to invest another $1.2 billion in the bank in late 1990. The Federal Reserve also had to be sure to keep interest rates down long enough to salvage the bank (Woodward 2000, p. 73).
[This material comes after a section describing Citibank's leader, Walter Wriston, writing a book that Thomas Friedman "borrowed" in his The Lexus and the Olive Tree.]
LATEST MIDDLE EAST POTPOURRI
1) King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia has visited UK and caused a stir by charging that the Brits did not pay attention to warnings prior to the 2005 terrorist attacks. MI5 says their warnings were off base and useless. Lots of commentators are taking the Saudis to task for funding Wahhabist madrassas that are viewed as missionaries of extremist terrorism and religious hatred. See crossroads arabia for more.
2) Abu Aardvark has shown a map that the Hakims, leaders of the largest political party in Iraq and itching for a separate South, have published, showing much of Sunni Anbar province carved off and given to them, a clasping pair of hands across the border with Iran, and the Sunnis getting some Kurdish territory. And the Bush people would like to replace al-Maliki with a Hakim. This is a formula for war and one more reason the Senate vote for Biden's "soft partition" plan was looney.
3) Juan Cole notes the announcement that the State Department is trying to force diplomats to serve in Iraq. They are resisting. Cole says all bloggers should push for shutting down the monstrosity of an embassy we have there. It is a war zone, and that thing is a colonial horror. So, I am agreeing here and supporting his call. Shut it down!
Is Josh Marshall An Amateur on the Social Security Issue?
Josh writes:
When it comes to the policy and number-crunching nitty-gritty of Social Security I'm definitely an amateur.
This is the only line in his post that I disagree with. Permit me to quote a few of his best insights.
We need to remember that now and for at least a decade into the future Social Security is actually subsidizing the rest of the federal budget. The program brings in much more than it pays out. As we all remember from the voluble debates two years ago, the surplus is being used to buy US government bonds which go into the Trust Fund. And that socked away money will keep the program solvent through the middle of this century as the baby boomers retire, and revenues in no longer cover promised payments out. We've been doing that for about a quarter of a century. The problem on the political side of the equation is that the enemies of Social Security have spent a couple decades arguing that the Trust Fund doesn't exist or that it is simply a bookkeeping device with no true financial meaning. If that's true, it means that Americans workers have spent the last twenty-five years using their payroll taxes to subsidize general revenues and make it easier to float big tax cuts for upper-income earners without getting anything in return.
Well said! Read the rest as he has some real insights on the politics as well.
