Following a suggestion by mathematician Eric Weinstein of the Natron Group for an Economic Manhattan Project," back in December, Mike Brown, Stuart Kauffman, Zoe-Vonna Palmrose, and Lee Smolin posted "Can Science Help Solve the Economic Crisis?" weighing in favorably on Weinstein's proposal at on the edge. They criticized various assumptions of neoclassical theory and called for complexity science, agent-based models, evolutionary modles, and gauge invariance models to be used for non-equilibrium dynamics modeling, as well as analysis of policy alternatives. Criticism by Nassim Taleb, Michael Shermer, Emanual Derman, Paul Romer, and others can be found under "The Reality Club" at that link. Ronald Bailey of reason weighed in with further critiques, calling the whole thing "inane", with others commenting there as well.
On March 2, Tyler Cowen posted on "Lee Smolin on General Equilibrium Theory". This dealt with some of the related issues and dragged in me making some critical remarks, with replies by both Eric Weinstein and Lee Smolin, who is a quantum gravity theorist at the Perimeter Institute of Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario. As a result of that, I was invited to participate (and did) in a conference held May 1-4 at the Perimeter Institute on "The Economic Crisis and its Implications for the Science of Economics." The participants included some of the original critics, such as Taleb and Derman, along with a variety of people from physics, math, computer science, evolutionary biology, accounting, finance, and economics, with some of the better known others including Nouriel Roubini, Andrew Lo, Doyne Farmer, Leigh Tesfatsion, Richard Alexander, and Richard Freeman. To the best of my knowledge, no overall summary of what happened there has been posted anywhere, but it was very intense with many ideas and tough arguments going back and forth (the institute has blackboards for walls in much of it, which get a lot of use). So, attempting to go below the fold, I shall try to summarize some of it.
The conference was in two parts, a much larger public conference on May Day (for which Freeman wore a red shirt), and a much smaller workshop the next three days, with some of those speaking on the first day not participating in that ("Dr. Doom" Roubini and "Black Swan" Taleb had to go scare some finance ministers in Singapore, and Lo and Derman also departed). Also, I left after only a bit of the last day, when those still standing were trying to summarize and put forward a way to go forward (something will come out of this, but I am not sure that "Manhattan Project" will describe it). I note that the workshop included some lectures (including one by me on May 3), along with some breakout group sesssions.
Anyway, rather than a blow by blow of who said what when, let me note some major issues and positions. So, one big thing that there was a lot of agreement on was the likely superiority of agent-based modeling in some form or other for modeling non-equilibrium economic systems. A leader there for this was Leigh Tesfatsion, who maintains the main website for collecting agent-based models in economics. She called for this being done in macroeconomics to at least supplement the current DSGE models that dominate the basements of the central banks. Doyne Farmer also seconded this strongly, and is apparently building one with Robert Axtell. A curious aspect of this debate was that I learned later from Leigh that someone in attendance for part of the time was the computable general equilibrium modeler, John Whalley. However, for whatever reason, he chose not to make any comments at all on anything, and did not wear a name tag either.
A related issue, which may well be a major focus of more immediate efforts coming out of this conference, was what to do about the fact that most agent-based models are written in different languages and that it is not easy to link up between them. This is related to broader issues that had some of the computer scientists there worked up, as well as the estimable Leigh Tesfatsion, about interfacing between different computer languages in general. Also brought up in this discussion was the problem of data availabilty, with some saying that crucial data really is publicly available, but unknown by most, while others disputed this. There may be some push in these areas coming out of this.
I would note that there were several presentations of specific agent-based models in the workshop. One that was rather nice was by Alexander Outkin from before the decimalization of the stock exchanges showing that this would not necessarily stabilize things as forecast.
There were a lot of discussions of econophysics, with Doyne Farmer of the Santa Fe Institute providing a good summary of the state of play in that controversial arena. More cogent to this conference is the argument advocated by Lee Smolin, drawing on more specific work by Eric Weinstein and Pia Malaney, along with some post-docs at the Perimeter Institute, about applying gauge invariance theory to economics. Gauge invariance is an idea that floats around in some of the efforts to obtain a general unified theory of cosmology, particularly putting together general relativity with quantum mechanics, with the Perimeter Institute being a center of those who question string theory for achieving this, and Smolin a leader of this group.
Anyway, this was the matter that I had criticized, initially quite strongly, over on marginal revolution. I still hold to some of my criticisms, but also feel that I have not seen or fully understood all that there is to this argument. So, part of it seems to be a rediscovery of the wheel, in this case, the theoretical superiority of Divisia indexes for measuring values over time when relative prices and quantities are changing, with the claim being made further that this can also apply to a world of changing preferences, with the ability to chart cardinal utility over time, assuming that it is meaningful to talk about that. My problem with the former is that most economists know this, but that it is applying Divisia indexes in practice that is the problem as they assume continuous time, whereas empirical reality for actual indexes comes to us in discrete chunks not always all that close to each other. I am unsure about the utility argument.
An application was also made to financial markets by Simon Vasquez. He and Simone Severini also presented what was supposed to be a model of non-equilibrium dynamics. I would not say that this achieved something that Weinstein says can be done, which is to use gauge theory methods for measuring the curvature of fiber bundles to measure the degree of out-of-equilibriumness of a system. I think this latter would be really useful, and maybe it can be done, but I did not see this being fully achieved yet from what was presented there.
A rather looser end that I did not see the end of, as the summary from the relevant out-session was not presented before I left, was the application of biological or evolutionary ideas to all this. One disappointment was that co-organizer Stuart Kauffman did not attend, who is a biologist associated with the Santa Fe Institute, and whose work has been applied at times in economics. One presentation in the main workshop was by Kelly John Rose of PI on interpreting input-output matrices from an ecological perspective due to Robert Ulanowicz, that of ecological ascendancy, with looking at economic sectors as ecological trophic levels. He also said that gauge invariance was relevant to this, although that was not shown clearly. However, more generally, the ecological or biological arguments tended to be more on the side of this workshop.
There was more discussion of them in the main presentations the first day. So, Andrew Lo spoke of the adaptive market and how investors change their views over time in a market so as to lead to instabilities, arguably a fancier updating with neuroeconomics arguments of Minsky and Shiller. Also, the noted evolutionary biologist, Richard Alexander, spoke about various issues in the evoution of human beings and relations between kinship and sexual selection. However, he added little to the main workshop discussions, and in my private conversations with him he expressed reservations about people inappropriately using the "language of evolution" outside of more strictly biological evolution. So, while he is fine with discussing how moral systems evolved with humans over long periods of time, he was not particularly happy with people talking about firms or technologies or market forms evolving.
I am going to close this by saying that it was one of the most stimulating conferences I have been to, real clashes of serious ideas while people were willing to speak with mutual respect. I am perhaps sorry that Whalley did not speak up to defend more orthodox approaches, but, well, I do not blame him for keeping his head down. I do hope that it does lead to some further developments, and I think the critics who think this is all going to lead to proposals for central planning or whatever are barking up the wrong tree (see the discussions by Bailey and others).
11 comments:
Ding, a correction. He is "Samuel Vasquez" not "Simon" (from under the fold). Sorry for my bad note taking.
More corrections and additions. Eric Weinstein tells me that his and Pia Malaney's model tracks ordinal utility changes as well as cardinal ones.
BTW, most of the talks are now available at http://pirsa.org/CO9006.
...use gauge theory methods for measuring the curvature of fiber bundles to measure the degree of out-of-equilibriumness of a system...
As I was saying, the economics of full employment are not rocket science. If folks think they can sell ideas of social justice and ecology to the Masters of the Universe, Big Swinging Dicks and "prominent 'economic experts' closely connected with banking and industry" using the language of rocket science, best of luck. "But," as Kalecki warned, "obstinate ignorance is usually a manifestation of underlying political motives." I don't know how gauge theory is going to help you measure the curvature of those fiber bundles.
S-man,
And if the markets keep recovering, they really will not listen. Unemployment goes up when the markets go down, and then one can get their attention. But, if the markets are going up while unemployment is still rising, well, indeed, not much will get their attention.
"So, one big thing that there was a lot of agreement on was the likely superiority of agent-based modeling in some form or other for modeling non-equilibrium economic systems."
I was just commenting on this area in my most recent post, "Induction, deduction, and a model is only as good as its interpretation":
"...oh, and heaven forbid that a model should ever not have an equilibrium, that some key things should just always move, on average, in one direction. That never happens in reality over any time period of important length – except for trivial things like GDP growth, accumulation of knowledge, and advancement of technology."
...not much will get their attention...Which is why I really wouldn't put a high priority on trying to get their attention.
All this theory seems quite nice (though I don't quite know the relation of this to some other gauge theories in economics ) but the idea of a 'Manhattan Project' seems 'elitist' (eg the average working Man (death of a salesMan) can't count to 8, and so doesn't know what an 8 hour day is or whether its neccesary, so 'don't worry, be happy' and just ask the Perimeter Institute f-ks the answer).
also, it looks to be just another bailout--- a form of welfare for the well off, who sadly, now unemployed or on 'low' income in Manhattan and the Hamptons, having plundered the US economy, and with alot of debt, now need the US gov and the average working Man to send them money again; not to pay interest for their expertise in 'financial risk analyses' but for what is now called 'economic research'.
Instead of SCGET models, how about some Reimann geometry or agent based modeling, coupled with some classification into computability types? Throw in a few tulips, too.
I do support a guaranteed income for all at some level, though perhaps with some conditions (eg free education, etc.)
On the other hand, an Upper West Side project, or even West Side Story, might be a feasible scenario. 'its your birthday'.
now it's on economists to invent quantum computers.
Serlin,
Lots of convergence on this.
media,
Um, I do not see how trying to figure out better or improved economic theory is "elitist," much less being a bailout.
Phillip,
You never know. The physicists drew on the economists, namely Pareto, for power law distributions. Maybe quantum computing or quantum gravity will get solved by adopting some weirdo economic theory.
jbr---i imagine you wouldn't see what's elitist about, say, the ivory tower or the perimeter institute---the blind spot. the issue is whether it has merit; theory is elitist (i imagine there is a bell curve or power law there as an approximation---indeed these already exist in profusion, and so are not really that elitist, but accessible to middle or high school students, not that they'd be often told that).
as for a bailout, my impression is weinstein, for example, is a financial analyst of some sort. it sounds to me like maybe he is in need of some income now, since even the WSJ has covered data by Phillipion (sic?) suggesting that there is too much money in FIRE, so maybe the taxpayer can fund an NIH style megabudget financial analyst field (beyond NBER) to find the cure for the economic malaise. an 'upper west side' project.
That to me sounds like a bailout; even NIH is pretty big on the welfare with double dipping, insider dealing (ie doing research on things which you have a financial interest in), and its often COMPLETE lack of common sense (get the junk food out of sight, lower stress, keep things clean etc.) This is similar to economics (maybe 'single payer' is an example, or even 'shorter work hours' or Juliet shor's/veblen's downshifting, of Peter victor's 'beyond growth).
You don't need gauge theory to understand that, is my view---
any more than magicians with a set of international conferences who can do miracles most can't comprehend.
Gauge theory is more for an aesthetic use, since I don't think it (or agent based models, or markomata) really can contribute much more than GET to the real world at present. econ is not climate science or physics.
Or at least it is an open question what exactly Arrow and Hahn, shiller, thaler, or SDGET, has contributed (especially since the latter seem to often poor predictions, or rather are highly subject to assumptions about parameters---I actually think they are ok as 'back of the hand' type eastimates, except done on computers). If one got rid of the experts, what exactly would happen. (Possibly even milton friendman's idea that all you do is tune the money supply is all you really need, so that it keeps money/population constant).
Wow, this conference sounds like a ridiculous waste of time. People were predicting this crisis by 2003. It came to a head because of groupthink and willful ignorance (bolstered, incidentally, by fancy mathematics.) The only way to prevent a repetition would be to bring an end to human greed and ignorance.
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